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Politeness as practised across 22 European societies, firmly set within critical debates developed since the 1980s, is here presented in ways related to concrete situations in which language-users interact with one another to achieve their goals. Areas covered include types of politeness, forms of address, negotiation and small-talk in various contexts.
"The book uncovers the role The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects plays in analyzing the spectrum of linguistic differentiation in China. The author starts by sketching the development and current state of Chinese dialectology and dialectal research. She then provides an analysis of the Dictionary and of the kind of information it provides. Looking at Chinese dialectology from a Western point of view, the author aims to understand and present the Chinese perspective"--Provided by publisher.
The collection of papers discusses various applications of Relevance Theory within several areas of pragmatics and discourse analysis. It covers an array of topics, including the treatment of figurative language, pragmatic markers and lexical pragmatics within Relevance Theory. It also discusses relevance-theoretic analyses of special kinds of discourse, such as discourse emerging from the internet or from psychotherapeutic sessions. The volume will primarily interest relevance theorists and scholars working on the subjects addressed by particular chapters.
This book offers fresh perspectives on shared grammaticalization, a state whereby two or more languages have the source and the target of a grammaticalization process in common. While contact-induced grammaticalization has generated great interest in recent years, far less attention has been paid to other factors that may give rise to shared grammaticalization. This book intends to put this situation right by approaching shared grammaticalization from an integrated perspective, including areal as well as genealogical and universal motivations and by searching for ways to distinguish between these factors. The volume offers a wealth of empirical facts, presented by internationally renowned specialists, on the Transeurasian languages (i.e. Japonic, Koreanic, Tungusic, Mongolic, and Turkic) the languages in focus as well as on various other languages. Shared Grammaticalization will appeal to scholars and advanced students concerned with linguistic reconstruction, language contact and linguistic typology, and to anyone interested in grammaticalization theory.
Trwająca niemal pół stulecia aktywność pisarska Kawabaty Yasunariego (1899–1972), pierwszego japońskiego noblisty, autora uznanych powszechnie na całym świecie wybitnych dzieł, takich jak przyswojone polszczyźnie Tancerka z lzu, Kraina śniegu, Tysiąc żurawi, Śpiące piękności, Głos góry czy Meijin–mistrz go, przypada na okres, kiedy historyczne doświadczenia Japonii obejmowały zarówno imponujące sukcesy, jak i dotkliwe porażki, entuzjazm duchowego otwarcia na świat, jak i próby nacjonalistycznej izolacji, pokojowy rozkwit, jak i agresywną ekspansję. Wobec wszystkich dramatycznych i przełomowych dotknięć losu, nie tylko w życiu kraju, ale też we własnej in...
This book investigates how speakers of English, Polish and Russian deal with offensive situations. It reveals culture-specific perceptions of what counts as an apology and what constitutes politeness. It offers a critical discussion of Brown and Levinson's theory and provides counterevidence to the correlation between indirectness and politeness underlying their theory. Their theory is applied to two languages that rely less heavily on indirectness in conveying politeness than does English, and to a speech act that does not become more polite through indirectness. An analysis of the face considerations involved in apologising shows that in contrast to disarming apologies, remedial apologies are mainly directed towards positive face needs, which are crucial for the restoration of social equilibrium and maintenance of relationships. The data show that while English apologies are characterised by a relatively strong focus on both interlocutors negative face, Polish apologies display a particular concern for positive face. For Russian speakers, in contrast, apologies seem to involve a lower degree of face threat than they do in the other two languages."
This volume contains articles accepted for presentation during The Intel ligent Information Processing and Web Mining Conference IIS:IIPWM'04 which was held in Zakopane, Poland, on May 17-20, 2004. This conference is a continuation of a series of 13 successful symposia and conferrences on Intel ligent Information Systems, organized by the Institute of Computer Science of Polish Academy of Sciences, devoted to new trends in (broadly understood) Artificial Intelligence. The idea of organizing such meetings dates back to 1992. Our main in tention guided the first, rather small-audience, workshop in the series was to resume the results gained in Polish scientific centers as well as contrast them...
Leksem ki pojawił się w japońszczyźnie wraz z falą innych zapożyczeń z języka kontynentalnego sąsiada, sytuującego siebie w centrum regionu jako Państwo Środka. Zagościł w niej jednak na dobre, a nawet w charakterystyczny sposób zawłaszczył rozległą sferę znaczeń odnoszących się do życia wewnętrznego człowieka, jego charakteru, temperamentu, gustów i upodobań, obaw oraz lęków, sposobów i motywów działania. Jego produktywność frazeologiczna i zdecydowanie potoczny charakter sensów i obrazów zawartych we wszystkich idiomach wyraźnie ukazują, że jest on wprawdzie po części dalekim echem dawnych doktryn filozoficznych przejętych z Kontynentu, ale w krę...