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The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of the Biopharmaceutical Industry
This volume examines the economics of the biopharmaceutical industry, with eighteen chapters by health economists.
Who Will Care for Grandma?
It is amazing to realize that much of the Western medical community is in a love/hate relationship with the economics of medicine. Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) is one of the primary methods of guiding many medical decision-makers in the allocation of limited medical resources. Herein lies the problem of medicine and economics. It seems that deciding who will receive limited medical resources is a task filled with moral and ethical difficulties, even for those depending on the information obtained from QALY calculations. These moral and ethical difficulties are beyond the scope of sound bites that tout the benefits of "universal health care," "affordable insurance," or the safety of th...
Cost-effectiveness Thresholds
Organisations such as the National Institute of Clinical Excellence seek to assess the value for money of new health care technologies. Assessment commonly requires the use of thresholds or benchmark levels of cost effectiveness. Key issues that consequently need to be resolved include: the basis on which thresholds should be determined, how explicitly these should be stated and whether UK health care thresholds should be comparable to those elsewhere in the public sector, or in other countries.
Incentives for Research, Development, and Innovation in Pharmaceuticals
Incentives for innovation are particularly relevant in the pharmaceutical industry where not all social needs provide equally profitable opportunities and where most OECD countries try to implement different measures that promote research in these less profitable areas. This book describes how incentives can be provided to deal with less profitable activities when no clear markets exist for the innovations. The book discusses alternative mechanisms to substitute for inexistent markets, situations where traditional instruments have proven totally insufficient, and the clear mismatch between the size of the markets being targeted and the incentives being provided. Patents become an ineffective way to incentivise R&D when the appropriability is low; this book provides alternative ideas such as allowing for a period of data exclusivity to firms that develop new drugs.
International Public Goods and Transfer of Technology Under a Globalized Intellectual Property Regime
Distinguished economists, political scientists, and legal experts discuss the implications of the increasingly globalized protection of intellectual property rights for the ability of countries to provide their citizens with such important public goods as basic research, education, public health, and environmental protection. Such items increasingly depend on the exercise of private rights over technical inputs and information goods, which could usher in a brave new world of accelerating technological innovation. However, higher and more harmonized levels of international intellectual property rights could also throw up high roadblocks in the path of follow-on innovation, competition and the attainment of social objectives. It is at best unclear who represents the public interest in negotiating forums dominated by powerful knowledge cartels. This is the first book to assess the public processes and inputs that an emerging transnational system of innovation will need to promote technical progress, economic growth and welfare for all participants.
Healthcare Funding and Christian Ethics
A necessary book for healthcare professionals and theologians struggling with moral questions about rationing in healthcare. This book outlines a Christian ethical basis for how decisions about health care funding and priority-setting ought to be made.
The Oxford Handbook of Regulation
Regulation is often thought of as an activity that restricts behaviour and prevents the occurrence of certain undesirable activities, but the influence of regulation can also be enabling or facilitative, as when a market could potentially be chaotic if uncontrolled. This Handbook provides a clear and authoritative discussion of the major trends and issues in regulation over the last thirty years, together with an outline of prospective developments. It brings together contributions from leading scholars from a range of disciplines and countries. Each chapter offers a broad overview of key current issues and provides an analysis of different perspectives on those issues. Experiences in differ...
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
Healthcare systems have been confronted by multiple, often conflicting, guidelines on the use of medical technologies. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) was established in 1999 to address these problems in England. This work looks at what it does, how it works, changes made since its establishment, and the challenges it faces.
Incentives for Global Public Health
This portrait of the global debate over patent law and access to essential medicines focuses on public health concerns about HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, the SARS virus, influenza, and diseases of poverty. The essays explore the diplomatic negotiations and disputes in key international fora, such as the World Trade Organization, the World Health Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization. Drawing upon international trade law, innovation policy, intellectual property law, health law, human rights and philosophy, the authors seek to canvass policy solutions which encourage and reward worthwhile pharmaceutical innovation while ensuring affordable access to advanced medicines. A number of creative policy options are critically assessed, including the development of a Health Impact Fund, prizes for medical innovation, the use of patent pools, open-source drug development and forms of 'creative capitalism'.
