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Since the late 1800s, the discovery of new viruses was a gradual process. Viruses were described one by one using a suite of techniques such as (electron) microscopy and viral culture. Investigators were usually interested in a disease state within an organism, and expeditions in viral ecology were rare. The advent of metagenomics using high-throughput sequencing has revolutionized not only the rate of virus discovery, but also the nature of the discoveries. For example, the viral ecology and etiology of many human diseases are being characterized, non-pathogenic viral commensals are ubiquitous, and the description of environmental viromes is making progress. This Frontiers in Virology Research Topic showcases how metagenomic and bioinformatic approaches have been combined to discover, classify and characterize novel viruses.
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The activities of modern society have unleashed a range of toxic chemicals into the global environment. Many of these toxicants are now being detected in increasing quantities in the tissues of marine mammals, most notably in top predators who acquire relatively large amounts of toxic chemicals by ingesting contaminated prey. Toxicology of M
Completely revised and updated, this respected reference offers comprehensive and current coverage of every aspect of vaccination--from development to use in reducing disease. It also includes access to a companion Web site for more coverage.
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The purpose of this proceedings volume is to look for interdisciplinary bridges in mathematics, physics, information and life sciences, in particular, research for new paradigms for information and life sciences on the basis of quantum theory. The main areas in this volume are all related to one of the following subjects: (1) mathematical foundation of quantum mechanics, (2) quantum information, (3) quantum algorithm and computation, (4) quantum communication, (5) white noise analysis and quantum dynamics, (6) chaos dynamics and adaptive dynamics, (7) experimental studies of quantum computer, (8) bio-informatics and (9) genome analysis.
Researchers are still identifying micro-organisms that cause new diseases in humans. A basic factor in the emergence of these diseases is the role played by animals, which act as a reservoir for certain viruses. In favourable conditions, such viruses can cross the species barrier and infect humans. The book takes a close look at two families of virus: orthomyxoviridae and paramyxoviridae, which have infected many species of vertebrates and are responsible for zoonosis. The two main parts of the book describe how the viruses operate, how they spread and the risk factors for humans. In addition to a specific and detailed study of these two micro-organisms, the book highlights the fascinating history of such diseases, their emergence, development and disappearance. They have occurred throughout human history, underscoring the role of the environment and the way it changes, often as a result of human intervention. Sponsored by the Mérieux Foundation and written by leading international specialists, this book provides first-class information about these new viruses.
Once easily cured by antibiotics, "supergerms" have returned, now resistant to many over-prescribed drugs. This volume details the causes of this significant problem and shows readers how to rely on natural means to protect themselves from deadly diseases.