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Auditory Efferent System: New Insights from Cortex to Cochlea
The main function of the sensory systems is the transducing of external stimuli into bioelectrical signals, which are conducted through afferent pathways from sensory epithelia to the brain. However, it is known that descending projections are ubiquitous in the different sensory modalities, and in the case of auditory efferents connect the cerebral cortex with sensory receptor cells. Several functions have been attributed to the efferent system, including protection to acoustic trauma, unmasking of auditory stimuli in background noise, balance of interaural sensitivity and some cognitive functions like modulation of cochlear sensitivity during selective attention to auditory or visual stimul...
Ringing ears: the neuroscience of tinnitus
Tinnitus (ringing in the ears) is a prevalent and often debilitating disorder with approximately 10% of people (incorporating ages from children to the elderly) perceiving it continuously, and in 1-3% of the population it seriously affects the quality of life. The most common cause of tinnitus is hearing loss, and its prevalence has surged as a result from the various large-scale military actions in the Middle East in the last decade. Recent advances have been made in the area of behavioral animal models, in the understanding of human brain imaging aspects of tinnitus, and in addressing the long-range changes in human brain connectivity. Furthermore continued exploration of the three major animal models of tinnitus: salicylate-induced, noise trauma induced, and resulting from somatic interactions with the auditory system has further delineated the relative roles of cochlear activity vs. central auditory system changes. Evidence for the role of neural synchrony changes in tinnitus originates both from human EEG and MEG studies as well as from neuron pair-correlation studies in animals.
How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease
This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Hearing — Physiological Bases and Psychophysics
The present book contains the original papers and essential points of the general discussion of a meeting organized in a series of tri-annual conferences, initiated by Dr. R. Plomp with the meeting in Driebergen, The Netherlands, 1969. These symposia have tried to bring to\ether people from extreme fields in auditory research and to amalgamate their recent findings. This series of conferences has proven to be most successful and has attracted much attention by scientists in auditory research. The organizers have tried to maintain the character of the meeting with em phasis on discussion by precirculation of the full text of the papers and by re stricting the number of active contributions. U...
The Oxford Handbook of the Auditory Brainstem
The Oxford Handbook of The Auditory Brainstem provides an introduction as well as an in-depth reference to the organization and function of ascending and descending auditory pathways in the mammalian brainstem. Individual chapters are organized along the auditory pathway beginning with the cochlea and ending with the auditory midbrain. Each chapter provides an introduction to the respective area, and summarizes our current knowledge before discussing disputes and challenges the field currently faces. A major emphasis throughout this book is on the numerous forms of plasticity that are increasingly observed in many areas of the auditory brainstem. Several chapters focus on neuronal modulation...
Towards an Understanding of Tinnitus Heterogeneity
Tinnitus is the perception of a sound when no external sound is present. The severity of tinnitus varies but it can be debilitating for many patients. With more than 100 million people with chronic tinnitus worldwide, tinnitus is a disorder of high prevalence. The increased knowledge in the neuroscience of tinnitus has led to the emergence of promising treatment approaches, but no uniformly effective treatment for tinnitus has been identified. The large patient heterogeneity is considered to be the major obstacle for the development of effective treatment strategies against tinnitus. This eBook provides an inter- and multi-disciplinary collection of tinnitus research with the aim to better understand tinnitus heterogeneity and improve therapeutic outcomes.
