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Exploring transformational adaptation strategy through rice policy reform in the Philippines
The Philippines is much more prone to climate change effects than are many other countries. The potential impact on the agriculture sector is of particular concern, given its vital role in the economy and for vulnerable households. Most research warns of the negative impact of climate change on yields for major cereal crops, which could threaten food security and hinder the long-run development process. Incremental adaptation through the introduction of new crop varieties, improved agricultural management practices, and more efficient irrigation are expected to reduce yield losses. However, efforts to promote systemwide adjustment would have broader effects, especially as the risk of climate...
Evaluating food policy options in Bangladesh: Analysis of costs, benefits, and tradeoffs between targeted distribution versus public agricultural and infrastructure investments
Bangladesh has successfully improved national food security over the last two decades, primarily by increasing rice production and consumption. However, the country’s food system remains vulnerable to periodic floods and droughts that seriously affect agricultural production and prices. While food imports can cushion the effects of these short-term climate shocks, there is always uncertainty about whether shortages in global commodity markets will coincide with domestic production shortfalls, leading to particularly adverse outcomes, especially for poor farmers and net consumers. This is one of the reasons why Bangladesh’s government has maintained a long-standing public grain procurement and storage system, as well as a large social protection program that distributes subsidized rice and wheat to poor households. These programs, together with investments in farm productivity, have enhanced the resilience of Bangladesh’s food system to climate and world market shocks. Heightened climate variability in recent years has also led the government to increase stocks and make substantial new investments to expand public grain storage capacity.
Philippine rice trade liberalization: Impacts on agriculture and the economy, and alternative policy actions
Quantitative restriction (QR) on rice import has been a longstanding instrument of the Philippine government that regulated the importation of rice, protected rice farmers and supported the drive for rice self-sufficiency of the country. However, with the pas-sage of the Republic Act No. 11203 or the Philippine rice trade liberalization law in February 2019, the QR was lifted and replaced with import tariffs instead. This policy shift can have far-reaching impacts not only to rice and agriculture but to the entire economy and to the global rice market as well - with important implications to the general welfare, nutrition and food security of the country. Hence, an ex-ante impact assessment study aimed at simulating, quantifying and understanding the effects of rice liberalization on farmers, consumers and various stakeholders can assist the government in proactively crafting and putting in place appropriate investment and policy interventions, while transitioning from QR and moving toward longer-term rice and food security.
The cost of COVID-19 on the Indonesian economy: A Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) multiplier approach
Sustained economic growth and a declining trend in poverty over the years in Indonesia potentially will come to a halt this year. This development cost comes as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak that recently hit the country. Like in many other countries, one of the largest costs of COVID-19 comes from the social distancing policy, which is a proven public health measure to reduce the spread of the virus by limiting people’s movements and interactions for a certain period of time. The government of Indonesia adopted this approach by gradually introducing in certain regions the Large-scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy from early April 2020. PSBB restricts non-essential economic...
2017/18 Social Accounting Matrix for India
The purpose of this document is to provide Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) database for Indian Economy for the year 2017-18. This SAM accounts 112 sectors of Indian economy of which 39 sectors are accounted for agriculture and allied activities, 18 sectors are related to agriculture based processing activities, 4 mining sectors, 24 manufacturing sectors other than agro-processing, 3 sectors related to utilities, 1 construction sector and 23 service sectors including transport and trade. The primary factor input has been classified into 8 types of labor, 4 types of capital and one category of land. The categorization of labor is based on the level of education of the workers and geographical location i.e. rural and urban. The 4 types of capital are; crop, live animal, mining and other financial capital. This SAM distinguishes households into three broad categories like, rural farm households, rural non-farm households and urban households. Households are further disaggregated into per capita expenditure quintiles. Therefore, this database is useful for the scholars and policy makers who are interested to work on macroeconomic policy analysis for Indian economy.
Agricultural growth, climate resilience, and food security in the Philippines
THE FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE PHILIPPINES HAVE INCREASED IN RECENT years, with detrimental effects for the economy, socioeconomic welfare, and food security. An archipelago known for its climatic and ecological diversity, the Philippines is strongly affected by the adverse impacts of climate change, especially in the agricultural sector. Yet, apart from extreme events, it remains to be seen whether the climate impact will be unequivocally negative, or whether, on balance, some parts of the country may experience gains. An enhanced understanding of how these dynamics will affect the country’s major crops—rice, maize, sugarcane, coconuts, and bananas—is intended to assist Philippine communities in preparing for and adapting to these changes effectively and to assist donors and policy makers in helping them.
The role of agriculture in the structural transformation of Indonesia
Indonesia has managed to combine high rates of growth, rapid reductions in rural poverty and a significant structural transformation of its economy all at the same time without a big increase in urban manufacturing. Agriculture was a critical part of this transformation through two important channels. First, export-oriented agriculture, particularly palm oil and rubber contributed to rising foreign exchange receipts and helped make compatible rapid growth without balance of payments pressure on the macro economy. Second, through the release of workers from low productivity agriculture to more productive nonagricultural activities, structural change contributed between 25 and 50 percent of the rise in national labor productivity depending on the period. The government also played an important role in agricultural development and productivity growth. Public investments in irrigation in combination with subsidies for fertilizer and improved seeds increased agricultural productivity generating an adequate supply of food for domestic needs with less labor.
The economywide impacts of climate change on Philippine agriculture
FOR MOST COUNTRIES, HIGH PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR HAS BEEN A KEY DRIVER of structural transformation promoting long-term economic growth. Historically, low agricultural productivity growth has hindered economic growth and employment creation in the Philippines, where agriculture—which accounts for one-third of employment—remains a key sector. Climate change has the potential to disrupt crop productivity, and in turn affect domestic agricultural production, consumption, and food security. Moreover, the global impact of climate change could stimulate changes in international and domestic commodity prices, ultimately having negative effects on both Philippine agriculture and the country’s overall economy. Developing agricultural adaptation and growth strategies is of utmost importance, not only to maintain domestic agricultural production, but also to underpin broader economic growth and structural transformation. Sustaining agricultural production growth to help achieve inclusive growth and poverty reduction is a key goal for the Philippine government.
2014 Social Accounting Matrix for Lao PDR: A Nexus Project SAM
The 2014 Laos Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
The role of agriculture in the fast-growing Rwandan Economy
This study assesses the future growth prospects of Rwanda. The report first focuses on broad economic growth using a rather aggregated 18-sector dynamic general equilibrium model to display the trade-off between rapid growth and structural change. The analysis shows that with the current investment pattern, rapid growth is possible but structural transformation is slow. With an overvalued exchange rate, growth in the tradable sector slows down and its share in the economy stays small. The importance of agriculture thus should be considered in the broad development strategy, for its role not only in poverty reduction but also in economic growth.
