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PVC waste treatment in the Nordic countries
The aim of the project was to map PVC waste streams in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland. The available estimates are made occasionally, mostly within the frames of different projects and are not based on any formalized official reporting system or other rigorous accounting scheme. Overall, a large part of PVC waste ends up in mixed waste fractions and is eventually treated in waste-to-energy plants. Landfilling of PVC waste is banned in two countries, but some exceptions exist. Norway is the only country that treats some PVC waste as hazardous waste. The current waste treatment situation in the four Nordic countries is driven by several factors, such as diverse origins of PVC products, some specifics of the Nordic market, rather low focus on PVC waste in policy strategies or plans, technical issues regarding incineration of PVC waste, and the lack of domestic recycling.
European Large Lakes
Large lakes are important because of their size and ecological distinctiveness as well as their economic and cultural value. Optimal management of them requires a proper understanding of anthropogenic impacts both on the lake ecosystems as such and on the services they provide for society. The specific structural and functional properties of large lakes, e.g. morphology, hydrography, biogeochemical cycles and food-web structure, are all directly related to their size. Although large lakes are among the best-studied ecosystems in the world, the application to them of environmental regulations such as the European Water Framework Directive is a challenging task and requires that several natura...
Isfria vintrar
None
Economic Policy Instruments for Plastic Waste
Achieving a high quality of waste plastic materials and recycling processes is a key challenge in closing the resource loops for plastics. This report reviews the status and trends for plastic waste flows and treatment in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Furthermore, it gives an overview of existing policy instruments and the main challenges for designing policy instruments for improved recycling of plastic waste in these Nordic countries. The report identifies potential market failures associated with closing the resource loops for plastics. It reviews the economics research literature on policy instrument design for achieving optimal recycling rates and makes policy recommendations from the Nordic perspective. Finally, it presents results from a survey on market conditions to managers in the recycling and plastic manufacturing industry in Sweden.
International Recommendations for Water Statistics
The International Recommendations for Water Statistics (IRWS) were developed to assist countries establish and strengthen information system for water, which in turn support the design and evaluation of better water policies. In particular, these recommendations: a) support the collection, compilation and dissemination of internationally comparable water statistics in countries; b) support the implementation of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounts for Water (SEEA-Water); and c) provide the necessary information for deriving coherent and consistent indicators, enabling comparisons over time and between countries from an agreed list of data items. The IRWS consolidate the experiences and practices of countries and international organizations in water statistics. The United Nations Statistical Commission is the highest decision-making body for international statistical activities, especially the setting of statistical standards.
Current Catalog
Includes subject section, name section, and 1968-1970, technical reports.
Current Catalog
First multi-year cumulation covers six years: 1965-70.
Hypoxic Respiratory Failure in the Newborn
We have all been hypoxic. Fetal tolerance for intrauterine hypoxia arises from evolutionarily conserved physiological mechanisms, the antecedents of which can be learned from diving mammals or species at high altitudes. Understanding fetal hypoxia leads to understanding the huge physiological shifts of neonatal transition and the dangers of perinatal hypoxia. This comprehensive volume of topical review articles by expert authors addresses the origins of hypoxia tolerance, the impact of oxygen on circulatory transition at birth, and the biochemistry of hypoxia in the pulmonary circuit, as well as the classification, diagnosis, and clinical management of hypoxic respiratory failure and persist...
Döden i grytan
Hembakade bullar anses som farligare än fabrikstillverkade. Många förskolor förbjuder numera barnen att vara med i köket och ibland även att bre sina egna smörgåsar. Och för den som driver en korvkiosk är det betydligt lättare att få tillstånd att servera pulvermos än riktigt potatismos. Att hantera färskvaror betraktas idag som ett högriskprojekt medan hårt processade och oaptitliga matprodukter paradoxalt nog uppfyller samtliga myndighetskrav. Hur har det blivit så? Döden i grytan visar hur lagar och regler gynnar den näringsmässigt utarmade industrimaten på den traditionellt tillagade matens bekostnad. Ändå är det just i de jättelika matfabrikerna som farliga bak...
