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The Physiological Functions of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene Family
The amyloid precursor protein APP plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as proteolytical cleavage of APP gives rise to the Aβ peptide which is deposited in the brains of Alzheimer patients. Despite this, our knowledge of the normal cell biological and physiological functions of APP and the closely related APLPs is limited. This may have hampered our understanding of AD, since evidence has accumulated that not only the production of the Aβ peptide but also the loss of APP-mediated functions may contribute to AD pathogenesis. Thus, it appears timely and highly relevant to elucidate the functions of the APP gene family from the molecular level to their role in th...
Regulation and targeting of enzymes mediating Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis: focus on Parkinson’s disease Kinases, GTPases and ATPases
Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a priority in biomedical research and a pre-requisite to improve early disease diagnosis and ultimately to developing disease-modifying strategies. In the past decade and a half, geneticists have identified several genes that are involved in the molecular pathogenesis of PD. They not only identified gene variants segregating with familial forms of PD but also genetic risk factors of sporadic PD via genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Understanding how PD genes and their gene products function holds the promise of unraveling key PD pathogenic processes. Therefore the precise cellular role of PD proteins is currently...
The Transcriptional Regulation of Memory
The formation of various forms of memory involves a series of distinct cellular and molecular mechanisms, many of which are not fully understood. There are highly conserved pathways that are involved in learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity, which is the primary substrate for memory storage. The formation of short-term (across minutes) memory is mediated by local changes in synapses, while long-term (across hours to days) memory storage is associated with activation of transcription and synthesis of proteins that modify synaptic function. Transcription factors, which can either repress or activate transcription, play a vital role in driving protein synthesis underlying synaptic plasticit...
Molecular mechanisms for reprogramming hippocampal development and function by early-life stress
The early postnatal period is a crucial stage for hippocampal development. During this critical period, the neonatal hippocampus is highly sensitive to the detrimental consequences of adverse environmental factors. Extensive clinical and preclinical evidence has shown that traumatic events early in life have profound and persistent effects on hippocampal function and behavior. This research topic focuses on the acute and lasting effects of early-life stress on various developmental processes in the hippocampus, and aims to uncover the molecules that are responsible for early-life stress-programmed effects and underlie resilience or vulnerability to stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders later in life. We hope the articles in this research topic will provide novel insights and stimulate future studies on the mechanisms of early-life stress and brain development.
Learning and Memory
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Novel roles of non-coding brain RNAs in health and disease
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and in particular microRNAs are rapidly becoming the focus of research interest in numerous basic and translational fields, including brain research; and their importance for many aspects in brain functioning merits special discussion. The wide-scope, multi-targeted and highly efficient manner of ncRNA regulatory activities draws attention to this topic by many, but the available research and analysis tools and experimental protocols are still at their infancy, and calls for special discussion given their importance for many aspects in brain functioning. This eBook is correspondingly focused on the search for, identification and exploration of those non-coding RNAs ...
Ca2+ and Ca2+-interlocked Membrane Guanylate Cyclase Modulation of Neuronal and Cardiovascular Signal Transduction
The tale of cyclic GMP has been astonishing. Having overcome an initial disbelief, cyclic GMP has risen to its present eminence as a premium cellular signal transduction messenger of not only hormonal extracellular but also of the intracellular signals. This research topic focuses on the pathways and functions of membrane guanylate cyclases in different tissues of the body and their interplay with intracellular sensory signals where in many cases, cyclic GMP along with Ca2+ have taken on roles as synarchic co-messengers.
