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The 20th century has seen a phenomenal growth in the global economy and continuous improvement in the standard of living in the industrialized countries. Sustainable development has become an ideal target in recent years and in the early 1990s the concept of "Green chemistry" was launched in the USA as a new paradigm, and since 1993 it has been promoted by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The success of the pharmaceutical industry is, in large part, due to the towering achievement of organic chemistry, a mature science which emerged as a distinct discipline well over 150 years ago, however this has been both a blessing and a curse. Many of our most reliable strategies for assembling target molecules employ reactions which are fifty to one hundred years old and are often named in honour of their discoverers.
How can teachers support children with emotional or social difficulties? Counselling Pupils in Schools is a comprehensive guide to the effective use of counselling in schools. It provides practical guidance for teachers and those responsible for pastoral care on how to develop counselling skills and intervention strategies. The book combines theory and research with practical classroom strategies designed to focus on the social and emotional development of students and their teachers. Topics covered include: * a model for counselling in school * skills and intervening strategies for teachers * cross-cultural and sensitive issues * peer counselling and support * empowering pupils and parents * classroom-based activities The ethics of teacher-student relationships are also discussed and teachers are provided with ideas for collaboration and managing their own stress in order to be more effective in counselling and guidance. This book is relevant to all professionals who work with young people: Teachers, PSHE co-ordinators, SENCos, Education Welfare Officers and Educational Psychologists will find it particularly useful.
The eighth campaign of the Cross Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF) for - ropean languages was held from January to September 2007. There were seven distinct evaluation tracks in CLEF 2007, designed to test the performance of a wide range of multilingual information access systems or system components. CLEF is by now an established international evaluation initiative and, in 2007, 81 groups from all over the world submitted results for one or more of the di?erent evaluation tracks. Full details regarding the design of the tracks, the methodologies used for evaluation, and the results obtained by the participants can be found in the di?erent sections of these proceedings. As always the results of the campaign were reported and discussed at the annual workshop, held in Budapest, Hungary, 19-21 September, immediately following the eleventh European Conference on Digital Libraries. The workshop playsanimportantrolebyprovidingtheopportunityforallthe groupsthathave participated in the evaluation campaign to get together to compare approaches and exchange ideas.
This book brings together the most current thinking and research on educator stress and how education systems can support quality teachers and quality education. It adopts an occupational health perspective to examine the problem of educator stress and presents theory-driven intervention strategies to reduce stress load and support educator resilience and healthy school organizations. The book provides an international perspective on key challenges facing educators such as teacher stress, teacher retention, training effective teachers, teacher accountability, cyber-bullying in schools, and developing healthy school systems. Divided into four parts, the book starts out by introducing and defi...
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed postproceedings of the 7th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2006, held in Alicante, Spain, September 2006. The revised papers presented together with an introduction were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. The papers are organized in topical sections on Multilingual Textual Document Retrieval, Domain-Specifig Information Retrieval, i-CLEF, QA@CLEF, ImageCLEF, CLSR, WebCLEF and GeoCLEF.
Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
Processes that meet the objectives of green chemistry and chemical engineering minimize waste and energy use, and eliminate toxic by-products. Given the ubiquitous nature of products from chemical processes in our lives, green chemistry and chemical engineering are vital components of any sustainable future. Gathering together ten peer-reviewed articles from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Innovations in Green Chemistry and Green Engineering provides a comprehensive introduction to the state-of-the-art in this key area of sustainability research. Worldwide experts present the latest developments on topics ranging from organic batteries and green catalytic transformations to green nanoscience and nanotoxicology. An essential, one-stop reference for professionals in research and industry, this book also fills the need for an authoritative course text in environmental and green chemistry and chemical engineering at the upper-division undergraduate and graduate levels.
Water is abundant in nature, non-toxic, non-flammable and renewable and could therefore be safer and economical for the chemical industry wherever it is used as a solvent. This book provides a comprehensive overview of developments in the use of water as a solvent for metal catalysis, illustrating the enormous potential of water in developing new catalytic transformations for fi ne chemicals and molecular materials synthesis. A group of international experts cover the most important metalcatalyzed reactions in water and bring together cutting-edge results from recent literature with the first-hand knowledge gained by the chapter authors. This is a must-have book for scientists in academia and industry involved in the fi eld of catalysis, greener organic synthetic methods, water soluble ligands and catalyst design, as well as for teachers and students interested in innovative and sustainable chemistry.
A renewed interest in aliphatic polyesters has resulted in developing materials important in the biomedical and ecological fields. Mainly materials such as PLA and PCL homopolymers have so far been used in most applications. There are many other monomers which can be used. Different molecular structures give a wider range of physical properties as well as the possibility of regulating the degradation rate. By using different types of initiators and catalysts, ring-opening polymerization of lactones and lactides provides macromolecules with advanced molecular architectures. In the future, new degradable polymers should be able to participate in the metabolism of nature. Some examples of novel polymers with inherent environmentally favorable properties such as renewability and degradability and a series of interesting monomers found in the metabolisms and cycles of nature are given.