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About the Icelandic Republic and its decline
The history of the Icelandic Republic is the story of refugees, adventurers and free spirits who escaped an ambitious autocrat and built their own state on this distant island of fire and ice. By 930, the new state had developed enough to establish the Althing, the national assembly of all Icelanders of voting age. It has survived all the turmoil of time to this day. But the history of the Icelandic Republic is also a history of failure. Aristotle is reported to have said that "democracy arises from the pursuit of freedom and equality for all citizens, taking into account the number of citizens but not their peculiarities". These idiosyncrasies, such as vanity, greed for power and the concen...
Svensk Boklexikon
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Über die Isländische Republik und ihren Untergang
Die Geschichte der Isländischen Republik ist die Geschichte von Flüchtlingen, Abenteurern und Freigeistern, die sich einem aufstrebenden Alleinherrscher entziehen und auf jener entfernten Insel aus Feuer und Eis einen eigenen Staat aufbauen. Schon im Jahr 930 hatte sich das neue Staatswesen so weit entwickelt, dass das Althing als Nationalversammlung aller wahlberechtigten Isländer gegründet wurde. Es besteht durch alle Wirrungen der Zeit bis heute. Die Geschichte der Isländischen Republik ist aber auch eine Geschichte des Scheiterns. Aristoteles soll gesagt haben, dass "Demokratie entsteht, wenn man nach Freiheit und Gleichheit aller Bürger strebt und die Zahl der Bürger, nicht aber ...
Names of Foreigners Who Took the Oath of Allegiance to the Province and State of Pennsylvania, 1727-1775. with the Foreign Arrivals, 1786-1808
In 1727, the Pennsylvania Provincial Council passed a law requiring all "foreign" immigrants (i.e. those of non-British origin) to swear an oath of allegiance to the Crown. Lists of these immigrants were originally assembled for publication in the Pennsylvania Archives (Ser. 2, Vol. XVII), and they are reprinted here without change. This work, then, is an exhaustive list of "foreigners"-mostly Germans-who immigrated into the Province and, later, the State of Pennsylvania between the years 1727 and 1775 and again during the years 1786-1808. More to the point, it is a collection of ships' passenger lists, in many cases the lists being transcribed in entirety, with Captains' lists of passengers running up to the relatively late year of 1808. Along with the full name of the immigrant, including the names of all males over the age of sixteen, since that was the age they were obliged to take the oath, such information is given as name of ship, date of arrival, port of origin, and, in some instances, ages, names of wives, and names of children. An exhaustive index of surnames, running to more than 100 pages, contains about 35,000 references.
