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Sindicatos têm em sua essência o propósito de representar determinadas categorias para a consecução organizada dos seus objetivos. Entidades ligadas às empresas naturalmente defendem os donos dos meios de produção, enquanto entidades ligadas aos trabalhadores têm por natureza a defesa dos interesses dos trabalhadores. Não se exige maior esforço argumentativo para conduzir a compreensão quanto aos fins das entidades sindicais, isso porque tais fins estão intimamente ligados à secular polarização entre capital e trabalho. Ocorre que, no Brasil, as lutas que permitiram a organização sindical ser elevada ao patamar de direito social com status constitucional não foram suficien...
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From the first encounters between the Portuguese and indigenous peoples in 1500 to the current political turmoil, the history of Brazil is much more complex and dynamic than the usual representations of it as the home of Carnival, soccer, the Amazon, and samba would suggest. This extensively revised and expanded second edition of the best-selling Brazil Reader dives deep into the past and present of a country marked by its geographical vastness and cultural, ethnic, and environmental diversity. Containing over one hundred selections—many of which appear in English for the first time and which range from sermons by Jesuit missionaries and poetry to political speeches and biographical portraits of famous public figures, intellectuals, and artists—this collection presents the lived experience of Brazilians from all social and economic classes, racial backgrounds, genders, and political perspectives over the past half millennium. Whether outlining the legacy of slavery, the roles of women in Brazilian public life, or the importance of political and social movements, The Brazil Reader provides an unparalleled look at Brazil’s history, culture, and politics.
Early sugar and ethanol policy, 1933-1959 -- Sugar, ethanol, and development, 1959-1975 -- Proálcool, 1975-1985 -- Lakes of sacrifice: ethanol and water pollution -- Proálcool, caneworkers, and the guariba strikes of 1984 -- Proálcool reimagined, 1985-2003.