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Cell Growth
Recent breakthroughs in the field of cell growth, particularly in the control of cell size, are reviewed by experts in the three major divisions of the field: growth of individual cells, growth of organs, and regulation of cell growth in the contexts of development and cell division. This book is an introductory overview of the field and should be adaptable as a textbook.
Cell Biology by the Numbers
A Top 25 CHOICE 2016 Title, and recipient of the CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title (OAT) Award. How much energy is released in ATP hydrolysis? How many mRNAs are in a cell? How genetically similar are two random people? What is faster, transcription or translation?Cell Biology by the Numbers explores these questions and dozens of others provid
Mechanisms Controlling Cell Size in Animal Cells
Although questions on cell size have been investigated for more than half a century, molecular mechanisms that 'program' the size of animal cells are only starting to be revealed. My Ph.D. research focuses on the molecular mechanisms that promote cell size uniformity in proliferating mammalian cells. By relying on a high-content small chemical screen, I identified candidate proteins and signaling molecules that may function as cell size specifiers. Intriguingly, analysis of the screen hits suggested a role for the p38 MAPK in the long-sought mammalian cell size checkpoint. In follow-up experiments, I showed that p38 MAPK signaling is activated in small, but not large cells, which selectively...
Regulation of Cell Size and the Size Dependence of Gene Expression
Volume is a fundamental morphological feature of cells, influencing a wide variety of cellular processes. Because it is coupled to so many processes, cells employ regulatory mechanisms to ensure cells exhibit a limited range of sizes. Recent work in budding yeast has shown that a key cell cycle regulator, the G1/S transcriptional inhibitor Whi5, is synthesized independent of cell size. The dilution of Whi5 in larger cells links cell size to G1/S cell cycle progression. However, it has also been shown that growth over the full cell cycle does not depend on cell size at birth, termed an "adder". It has been proposed that this observation suggests that cell size is controlled over the course of...
Measurement and Maintenance of Human Cell Size
How cells reach and maintain the right size is a longstanding question in biology. Moreover, the many ways in which cell size may influence cellular physiology have received insufficient attention. Research has been hindered by inadequate tools for measuring size in living cells. In this dissertation, a novel strategy is developed to measure the size of single human cells using a nuclear-localized fluorescent protein expressed from a constitutive promoter. This method is validated by comparing it to established alternatives, with the result that the fluorescence measurements are more robust and less dependent on image segmentation than the commonly-used measurement of nuclear volume. Then, t...
The Influence of Cell Size on Cytokinesis in Situ and Genomic Interrogation of Human Cell Size Regulation
Cells are the fundamental building blocks of life. The human body contains over twenty trillion cells that make up the different tissues and organs of our bodies. Cells within organs are of specific sizes to perform their specialized functions. In most cases, these cells must divide to proliferate and replenish the population of cells essential for proper organism function. The final stage of cellular division, termed cytokinesis, entails the assembly and constriction of a contractile ring that drives the dramatic cell shape changes required to physically partition the cell into two daughter cells. The first part of the work presented in this thesis addresses the characterization of cytokine...
Size Limits of Very Small Microorganisms
How small can a free-living organism be? On the surface, this question is straightforward-in principle, the smallest cells can be identified and measured. But understanding what factors determine this lower limit, and addressing the host of other questions that follow on from this knowledge, require a fundamental understanding of the chemistry and ecology of cellular life. The recent report of evidence for life in a martian meteorite and the prospect of searching for biological signatures in intelligently chosen samples from Mars and elsewhere bring a new immediacy to such questions. How do we recognize the morphological or chemical remnants of life in rocks deposited 4 billion years ago on ...
