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Concepts have always been foundational to the social science enterprise. This book is a guide to working with them. Against the positivist project of concept "reconstruction"—the formulation of a technical, purportedly neutral vocabulary for measuring, comparing, and generalizing—Schaffer adopts an interpretivist approach that he calls "elucidation." Elucidation includes both a reflexive examination of social science technical language and an investigation into the language of daily life. It is intended to produce a clear view of both types of language, the relationship between them, and the practices of life and power that they evoke and sustain. After an initial chapter explaining what...
Frederic C. Schaffer challenges the assumption often made by American scholars that democracy has been achieved in foreign countries when criteria such as free elections are met. Elections, he argues, often have cultural underpinnings that are invisible to outsiders. To examine grassroots understandings of democratic institutions and political concepts, Schaffer conducted fieldwork in Senegal, a mostly Islamic and agrarian country with a long history of electoral politics. Schaffer discovered that ideas of "demokaraasi" held by Wolof-speakers often reflect concerns about collective security. Many Senegalese see voting as less a matter of choosing leaders than of reinforcing community ties that may be called upon in times of crisis.By looking carefully at language, Schaffer demonstrates that institutional arrangements do not necessarily carry the same meaning in different cultural contexts. Democracy in Translation asks how social scientists should investigate the functioning of democratic institutions in cultures dissimilar from their own, and raises larger issues about the nature of democracy, the universality of democratic ideals, and the practice of cross-cultural research.
Schaffer reveals how tinkering with the electoral process, even with the best of intentions, can easily damage democratic ideals.
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Artist, photographer, writer, world traveler and, above all, explorer, Mary Schaffer Warren overcame the limited expectations of women at the turn of the nineteenth century in order to follow her dreams.Mary, born into a wealthy Quaker family in Pennsylvania, was a precocious child who excelled at school. She was much more interested in the arts and traveling. A trip across Canada in 1889 proved the turning point in Mary's life. Not only did she meet her future husband-doctor and botanist Charles Schaffer-she also fell hopelessly in love with the mountains.After Charles' death, Mary embarked on explorations into the Canadian Rockies at a time when it was not thought proper for a woman to do so. Her most famous trips of 1907 and 1908 resulted in the rediscovery of Maligne Lake and the highly regarded book Old Indian Trails of the Canadian Rockies. Mary eventually settled in Banff and there married her handsome young guide Billy Warren.Since her death in 1937, she continues to inspire young people and women in particular.
Mary Sch'ffer was a photographer, writer, and cartographer from Philadelphia, well known for her work in the Canadian Rockies at the turn of the twentieth century. Colleen Skidmore's engrossing study asks new questions, tells new stories, and introduces women and men with whom Sch'ffer interacted and collaborated. It argues for new ways of thinking about the significance and impact of Sch'ffer's work on historical and contemporary conceptions of women's experiences in histories and societies in which gender is fundamental to the distribution of power. Scholars and readers of women's photography and writing histories, as well as wilderness and mountain studies, will make new discoveries in Searching for Mary Sch'ffer.