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Sustainability of Pension Systems in the New EU Member States and Croatia
This study finds that pension reforms in recent years have improved the efficiency and sustainability of pension systems in the new member states of the European Union and Croatia. However, for many countries, these probably have not gone far enough to ensure long-term sustainability, given the aging of the population. Reforms have included changes to Pay-As-You-Go (PAYG) systems, including increases in retirement ages (not at least for women), new benefit formulas, and new indexation mechanism. Some countries (Latvia and Poland) have further strengthened the link of contributions and benefits to the sustainability of the PAYG system through the introduction of national defined contribution ...
Skills, not just Diplomas
For a region with high educational attainment, a shortage of skills in Europe and Central Asia has emerged as one of the most important constraints to growth. This title recommends greater focus on the quality of education and measuring what students actually learn, as well as bigger emphasis on incentives to produce better learning results.
The Third Emancipation
The Third Emancipation By: Hallie L. Gamble Aqueea’s parents purchased a piece of land – “the place,” a name her dad called the farm, which has links to the founder of the town of Clarksville, Mecklenburg County, Virginia, and William Byrd II, a relative of George Washington through marriage who named an area not far from the farm. The day her little sister was born, Aqueea was confronted with the question “Who am I?” It haunts her until she discovers that she is a product of American slave practices. She credits the spirit of her ancestor for driving her to find the answer to her youthful question, “Who am I?” The book sets forth the ideation that America’s dark history has created the foundation for The Third Emancipation: A New People – A New Clan.
Bosnia as Civic State and Global Citizen
For long, the narrative in constitutional law, public policy, and statecraft is that Bosnia must join the EU, as a matter of economic development and nation building. This book introduces another dimension to the narrative, oversighted, without which the story remains one-dimensional, rather than balanced. That missing element in the literature this study integrates is a reformed Bosnian state, along the lines proposed in this book, that operates outside the EU. The setting of the work within the fields of knowledge of comparative constitutional law, and public choice theory provides added value to the reader, including students, scholars, policy makers, and lay persons.
Skilled Migration
This book examines the trends, determinants, and impacts of migration of high-skilled workers within the European Union (EU) over the last two decades. The main thesis is that high-skilled migration, whether internal or international, is largely a symptom rather than a cause of the gaps persisting across European regions in terms of labor market and educational opportunities, productivity, welfare and quality of institutions. Free movement within the EU enables workers and firms to take advantage of these gaps by moving from low- to high-productivity sectors and regions. This process, however, generates winners and losers depending on the extent of the complementarity and substitutability be...
Within Reach
This report looks at the political economy of net zero policy, from common challenges to the development of strategies to overcome them. It shows how governments can improve political economy conditions over time with progressive climate governance interventions, while overcoming more immediate barriers with better policy design and communication.
From Uneven Growth to Inclusive Development
Reforms spurred by accession to the European Union (EU) boosted productivity and integrated Romania into the EU economic space. Gross domestic product per capita rose from 30 percent of the EU average in 1995 to 59 percent in 2016. Today, over 70 percent of the country’s exports go to the EU, and their technological complexity is increasing rapidly. Yet, Romania remains the country in the EU with by far the largest share of poor people, with over a quarter of the population living on less than $5.50 a day. There are widening disparities in economic opportunity and poverty across regions and between urban and rural areas. Although Bucharest has already exceeded the EU average income per cap...
Investing in Young Children
La Banque mondiale a rédigé ce guide du développement de la petite enfance (DPE) pour répondre à la demande croissante de conseil et d’appui des responsables de programmes en matière de dialogue politique sur le thème du DPE, et pour aider les clients à prendre et à mettre en oeuvre des décisions pertinentes sur la meilleure manière d’investir dans le DPE dans le cadre de leur économie et de leurs priorités nationales. Ce guide comble un manque dans la littérature actuelle sur le sujet (1) en distillant l’information existante sous la forme de notes concises et faciles à utiliser ;(2) en fournissant une information pratique sur les dernières questions pertinentes relatives au DPE, telles que la mesure des résultats du développement des enfants grâce à l’identification et l’adaptation d’instruments efficaces, aux transferts monétaires conditionnels destinés aux familles de jeunes enfants, et autres ; et (3) en évaluant la qualité des derniers faits rapportés pour chaque sujet et en identifiant les lacunes en matière de connaissances pour lesquelles des expérimentations et évaluations complémentaires sont nécessaires.
Moving toward Universal Coverage of Social Health Insurance in Vietnam
Over the past two decades Vietnam has made enormous progress towards achieving universal coverage (UC) for its population. Significant challenges remain, however, in terms of improving equity with continuing low rates of enrollment. Ensuring financial protection also remains an elusive goal. The Master Plan for Universal Coverage approved in 2012 by the Prime Minister directly addresses both these deficiencies in coverage. The objective of this report is to assess the implementation of Vietnam SHI and provide options for moving towards UC. This is a joint assessment with development partners, World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef) and Rockefeller Foundation. Expan...
