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Ontology-Based Interpretation of Natural Language
For humans, understanding a natural language sentence or discourse is so effortless that we hardly ever think about it. For machines, however, the task of interpreting natural language, especially grasping meaning beyond the literal content, has proven extremely difficult and requires a large amount of background knowledge. This book focuses on the interpretation of natural language with respect to specific domain knowledge captured in ontologies. The main contribution is an approach that puts ontologies at the center of the interpretation process. This means that ontologies not only provide a formalization of domain knowledge necessary for interpretation but also support and guide the const...
Validity, Reliability, and Significance
Empirical methods are means to answering methodological questions of empirical sciences by statistical techniques. The methodological questions addressed in this book include the problems of validity, reliability, and significance. In the case of machine learning, these correspond to the questions of whether a model predicts what it purports to predict, whether a model's performance is consistent across replications, and whether a performance difference between two models is due to chance, respectively. The goal of this book is to answer these questions by concrete statistical tests that can be applied to assess validity, reliability, and significance of data annotation and machine learning ...
New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of four workshops held as satellite events of the JSAI International Symposia on Artificial Intelligence 2011, in Takamatsu, Japan, in December 2011. The 25 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous papers. The papers are organized in four sections according to the four workshops: Logic and Engineering of Natural Language Semantics (LENLS), Juris-Informatics (JURISIN), Algorithms for Large-Scale Information Processing in Knowledge Discovery (ALSIP), and Multimodality in Multispace Interaction (MiMI).
The Semantic Web: Research and Applications
The books (LNCS 6643 and 6644) constitute the refereed proceedings of the 8th European Semantic Web Conference, ESWC 2011, held in Heraklion, Crete, Greece, in May/June 2011. The 57 revised full papers of the research track presented together with 7 PhD symposium papers and 14 demo papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 291 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on digital libraries track; inductive and probabilistic approaches track; linked open data track; mobile Web track; natural language processing track; ontologies track; and reasoning track (part I); semantic data management track; semantic Web in use track; sensor Web track; software, services, processes and cloud computing track; social Web and Web science track; demo track, PhD symposium (part II).
The Semantic Web: ESWC 2011 Workshops
This volume constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of 11 international workshops held as part of the 8th Extended Semantic Web Conference, ESWC 2011, in Heraklion, Crete, Greece, in May 2010. The 22 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 75 submissions to the workshops during two rounds of reviewing and improvement. The papers are organized in topical sections on the following workshops: 1st International Workshop on eLearning Approaches for the Linked Data Age, 1st Workshop on High-Performance Computing for the Semantic Web, 3rd International Workshop on Inductive Reasoning and Machine Learning for the Semantic Web, 1st Workshop on Making Sense of Microposts, 1st Workshop on Ontology and Semantic Web for Manufacturing, 1st Workshop on Question Answering over Linked Data, 4th International Workshop on REsource Discovery, 6th International Workshop on Semantic Business Process Management, 1st Workshop on Semantic Publication, 1st Workshop on Semantics in Governance and Policy Modelling, and 1st International Workshop on User Profile Data on the Social Semantic Web.
Interfaces: Explorations in Logic, Language and Computation
Under the auspices of the Association of Logic, Language and Information (FoLLI), the European Summer School in Logic, Language, and Information (ESSLLI) is organized every year in a different European country. It takes place during two weeks in the European summer and hosts approximately 50 different courses at both introductory and advanced level. With its focus on the large interdisciplinary area where linguistics, logic and computation converge, it has become very popular since it started in 1989, attracting large numbers of students. ESSLLI Student Sessions were first held in 1996; they are organized along the lines of a conference. Their intention is to provide a forum where promising work by Master or PhD students can be presented. This book constitutes 12 selected contributions from the Student Sessions held in 2008 and 2009. The papers are organized in four sections: semantics and pragmatics, mathematical linguistics, applied computational linguistics, and logic and computation.
User Interfaces to the Web of Data based on Natural Language Generation
We explore how Virtual Research Environments based on Semantic Web technologies support research interactions with RDF data in various stages of corpus-based analysis, analyze the Web of Data in terms of human readability, derive labels from variables in SPARQL queries, apply Natural Language Generation to improve user interfaces to the Web of Data by verbalizing SPARQL queries and RDF graphs, and present a method to automatically induce RDF graph verbalization templates via distant supervision.
Semantic Relations Between Nominals, Second Edition
Opportunity and Curiosity find similar rocks on Mars. One can generally understand this statement if one knows that Opportunity and Curiosity are instances of the class of Mars rovers, and recognizes that, as signalled by the word on, rocks are located on Mars. Two mental operations contribute to understanding: recognize how entities/concepts mentioned in a text interact and recall already known facts (which often themselves consist of relations between entities/concepts). Concept interactions one identifies in the text can be added to the repository of known facts, and aid the processing of future texts. The amassed knowledge can assist many advanced language-processing tasks, including sum...
The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics
Ruslan Mitkov's highly successful Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics has been substantially revised and expanded in this second edition. Alongside updated accounts of the topics covered in the first edition, it includes 17 new chapters on subjects such as semantic role-labelling, text-to-speech synthesis, translation technology, opinion mining and sentiment analysis, and the application of Natural Language Processing in educational and biomedical contexts, among many others. The volume is divided into four parts that examine, respectively: the linguistic fundamentals of computational linguistics; the methods and resources used, such as statistical modelling, machine learning, and corpus annotation; key language processing tasks including text segmentation, anaphora resolution, and speech recognition; and the major applications of Natural Language Processing, from machine translation to author profiling. The book will be an essential reference for researchers and students in computational linguistics and Natural Language Processing, as well as those working in related industries.
Quality Estimation for Machine Translation
Many applications within natural language processing involve performing text-to-text transformations, i.e., given a text in natural language as input, systems are required to produce a version of this text (e.g., a translation), also in natural language, as output. Automatically evaluating the output of such systems is an important component in developing text-to-text applications. Two approaches have been proposed for this problem: (i) to compare the system outputs against one or more reference outputs using string matching-based evaluation metrics and (ii) to build models based on human feedback to predict the quality of system outputs without reference texts. Despite their popularity, ref...
