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Medicare Coverage of Routine Screening for Thyroid Dysfunction
When the Medicare program was established in 1965, it was viewed as a form of financial protection for the elderly against catastrophic medical expenses, primarily those related to hospitalization for unexpected illnesses. The first expansions to the program increased the eligible population from the retired to the disabled and to persons receiving chronic renal dialysis. It was not until 1980 that an expansion of services beyond those required "for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member" was included in Medicare. These services, known as preventive services, are intended either to prevent disease (by vaccination) or to detect disease (by diagnostic test) before the symptoms of illness appear. A Committee was formed "to conduct a study on the addition of coverage of routine thyroid screening using a thyroid stimulating hormone test as a preventive benefit provided to Medicare beneficiaries under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act for some or all Medicare beneficiaries."
Medicare Coverage of Routine Screening for Thyroid Dysfunction
When the Medicare program was established in 1965, it was viewed as a form of financial protection for the elderly against catastrophic medical expenses, primarily those related to hospitalization for unexpected illnesses. The first expansions to the program increased the eligible population from the retired to the disabled and to persons receiving chronic renal dialysis. It was not until 1980 that an expansion of services beyond those required "for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member" was included in Medicare. These services, known as preventive services, are intended either to prevent disease (by vaccination) or to detect disease (by diagnostic test) before the symptoms of illness appear. A Committee was formed "to conduct a study on the addition of coverage of routine thyroid screening using a thyroid stimulating hormone test as a preventive benefit provided to Medicare beneficiaries under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act for some or all Medicare beneficiaries."
Thyroid Function Testing
Thyroid function tests are utilized by essentially all medical practitioners, across every clinical setting, in patients from newborns to the elderly. They are the most frequently measured endocrine tests. The sensitive thyrotropin (TSH) assay reflects thyroid hormone feedback to the pituitary, and is diagnostic of both thyroid h- mone excess as well as deficiency. The log–linear relationship between serum TSH and thyroxine concentrations means that small changes in serum thyroxine are amplified by changes in serum TSH. The availability of the sensitive TSH assay in essentially all clinical laboratories has improved and simplified the assessment of thyroid function for the diagnosis of thy...
Principles and Practices of Thyroid Gland Disorders
This book is a comprehensive resource providing the latest information on the diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders. Beginning with an overview of thyroid physiology and symptoms and evaluation of thyroid problems, the following chapters discuss many benign and malignant disorders and their medical and surgical management. Complete chapters are dedicated to ‘special circumstances’ including neonatal and junvenile thyrotoxicosis, and hyper and hypo-thyroidism in pregnancy. In depth coverage of topics such as Graves Disease, Hashimoto Disease, paediatric Graves, and sick euthyroid syndrome, is also provided. Key points Comprehensive resource providing latest information on diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders Covers numerous benign and malignant conditions Explains both medical and surgical management techniques Complete chapters dedicated to ‘special circumstances’
Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid
Werner & Ingbar’s The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text, 10th Edition has been extensively revised and streamlined to deliver the most comprehensive coverage of the thyroid including anatomy, development, biochemistry, physiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of all thyroid disorders. Entirely new chapters on the surgical management of thyroid cancer, thyroid disruptors, and thyroid hormone analogs are in this edition. New authors and an international group of contributors elevate this classic text that includes extensive clinical coverage of thyroid dysfunction’s effects on other organ systems. Also addressed are clinical controversies regarding the ageing thyroid, subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism and thyroid disease in pregnancy. New to this edition: · Twenty-three chapters authored by new contributors and international experts · A companion website with fully searchable text for quick reference · Three new chapters discuss surgical management of thyroid cancer, thyroid disruptors, and thyroid hormone analogs to keep you up-to-date on the latest advances in the field
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The MidLife Health Guide for Men
The Midlife Health Guide for Men brings to the forefront all the latest medical and complementary approaches to optimizing the total health of a middle-aged man. Dr. Chris Rao, MD, FAAFP, is constantly reminded of the ravages that Father Time inflicts upon us. Midlife presents a window of opportunity because of its unique challenges and changes. Most men are at the top of their game, yet may be experiencing many subtle, early stages of disease. Confused about all the latest health news? Don't be. To prevent such age-related illnesses, Dr. Rao helps empower you to take control of your best asset in life-optimal health. It's what you and your doctor don't know that can hurt you! Discussed are the truths about · Diets, exercise, and supplements · Detoxing your way back to health ·Testosterone, HGH and all hormonal replacements The best gift you can give yourself and loved ones is a long and healthy life, right? Don't just sit there, get moving on it. From addressing that middle-age spread to a decline in sexual performance, Dr. Rao's preventative approach will give you the knowledge to improve your healthspan.
Giving Full Measure to Countermeasures
In recent years, substantial efforts have been initiated to develop new drugs, vaccines, and other medical interventions against biological agents that could be used in bioterrorist attacks against civilian populations. According to a new congressionally mandated report from the Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies, to successfully develop these drugs, vaccines, and other medical interventions against biowarfare agents, Congress should authorize the creation of a new agency within the Office of the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Defense. The committee recommended that Congress should improve liability protections for those who develop and manufacture these products, to stimulate willingness to invest in new research and development for biowarfare protection. Giving Full Measure to Countermeasures also identifies other challengesâ€"such as the need for appropriate animal models and laboratories equipped with high-level biosafety protectionsâ€"that will require attention if DoD efforts to develop new medical countermeasures are to be successful.
Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion
Perchlorateâ€"a powerful oxidant used in solid rocket fuels by the military and aerospace industryâ€"has been detected in public drinking water supplies of over 11 million people at concentrations of at least 4 parts per billion (ppb). High doses of perchlorate can decrease thyroid hormone production by inhibiting the uptake of iodide by the thyroid. Thyroid hormones are critical for normal growth and development of the central nervous system of fetuses and infants. This report evaluates the potential health effects of perchlorate and the scientific underpinnings of the 2002 draft risk assessment issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The report finds that the body c...
