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Conservative thinkers of the early Middle Ages conceived of sensual gratification as a demonic snare contrived to debase the higher faculties of humanity, and they identified pagan writing as one of the primary conduits of decadence. Two aspects of the pagan legacy were treated with particular distrust: fiction, conceived as a devious contrivance that falsified God’s order; and rhetorical opulence, viewed as a vain extravagance. Writing that offered these dangerous allurements came to be known as “hermaphroditic” and, by the later Middle Ages, to be equated with homosexuality. At the margins of these developments, however, some authors began to validate fiction as a medium for truth an...
King Rollo and the New Shoes: King Rollo has smart new shoes, but they have laces and he doesn't know how to tie them. He asks the Magician to tie them for him, but his friend has a better idea. King Rollo and the Bread: King Rollo and the Magician meet a farmer eating a loaf of bread. The king tries to impress the farmer with all the amazing food his can magic up--but sometimes a simple thing is the best. King Rollo and the Birthday: King Rollo wants to give Queen Gwen a birthday card. He buys the best in the shop, but Cook advises him to make her one, as that will be far more special. King Rollo and King Frank: King Rollo doesn't like King Frank, but he is the only friend who will come and play with him. So King Rollo gets the opportunity to see if he's right in person.
"Through the analysis of magic as a metaphor for the mysterious workings of writing, Glamorous Sorcery sheds light on the power attributed to language in shaping perceptions of the world and conferring status." "David Rollo considers a series of texts produced in England and the Angevin Empire to reassess the value and nature of literacy in the High Middle Ages. He does this by scrutinizing metaphors that represent writing as a form of sorcery or magic in Latin texts and in the work of the Old French writer Benoit de Sainte-Maure. Rollo then examines the ambiguous representation of literacy as a skill that can be exploited as a commodity." "Glamorous Sorcery demonstrates how closely intercon...
Ecotoxiclogical risk from multiple stressors covers any situation where org- isms are exposed to a combination of environmental stressors. These include physical and chemical pollutants as well as other stressors such as parasites and environmental impact (e. g. , climate change or habitat loss). The combi- tion of stressors can result in increased risk to organisms (either additive or synergistic effects) or decreased effects (protective or antagonistic effects). The multiple stressor challenge is an international, multi-disciplinary problem requiring an international, multi-disciplinary approach. The c- rent approach to multiple stressors is to examine one stressor at a time and assume add...
Norman history is covered by chapters on the detailed account of Pope Alexander III's deeds as abbot of Mont Saint-Michel that Robert of Torigni added to the monastic cartulary, on religious life in Rouen in the late 11th century, and on ducal involvement in dispute settlement.