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Post-Operative Neuropsychiatric Disorder
Post-operative neuropsychiatric disorder (POND) is a series of neuropsychiatric symptoms strongly linked to the triggering factors, anesthesia, and surgery exposure. The clinical manifestations mainly include delirium, cognitive dysfunction, and affective disorders after surgeries. POND is the most frequent postoperative complication in elderly patients, especially those undergoing major surgery, such as cardiac and hip surgeries. It has been well recognized that oxidative stress, abnormal changes in neurotransmitters and synapses, as well as Aβ deposition, and phosphorylation of tau protein are probably involved in the mechanisms of POND. Although studies on the POND are in full swing, und...
Insulin Resistance, Hyperinsulinemia, and Associated Diseases
Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are recognized as risk factors in different diseases that have a considerable impact on human life. In addition, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia can be linked to different pathophysiological conditions and can lead to moderate to severe complications. Investigation of the possible signaling mechanisms which link insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia to these diseases, or their complications will help to reduce or even prevent their development and progression. Moreover, searching for new treatment or prophylactic strategies will provide new options to improve the life quality of the patients.
Learning and Memory
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