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Reproducibility and Replicability in Science
  • Language: en
  • Pages: 257

Reproducibility and Replicability in Science

One of the pathways by which the scientific community confirms the validity of a new scientific discovery is by repeating the research that produced it. When a scientific effort fails to independently confirm the computations or results of a previous study, some fear that it may be a symptom of a lack of rigor in science, while others argue that such an observed inconsistency can be an important precursor to new discovery. Concerns about reproducibility and replicability have been expressed in both scientific and popular media. As these concerns came to light, Congress requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conduct a study to assess the extent of issues ...

Science and Decisions
  • Language: en
  • Pages: 422

Science and Decisions

Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis. However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in ri...

The Division of Heaven and Earth
  • Language: en
  • Pages: 208

The Division of Heaven and Earth

Author was "disappeared" from Tibet after publishing this book, and the situation in Tibet continues to capture the world's imagination.

Government Research Directory
  • Language: en
  • Pages: 920

Government Research Directory

  • Type: Book
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  • Published: 2010
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  • Publisher: Unknown

None

Gene Drives on the Horizon
  • Language: en
  • Pages: 231

Gene Drives on the Horizon

Research on gene drive systems is rapidly advancing. Many proposed applications of gene drive research aim to solve environmental and public health challenges, including the reduction of poverty and the burden of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue, which disproportionately impact low and middle income countries. However, due to their intrinsic qualities of rapid spread and irreversibility, gene drive systems raise many questions with respect to their safety relative to public and environmental health. Because gene drive systems are designed to alter the environments we share in ways that will be hard to anticipate and impossible to completely roll back, questions about the eth...

Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure
  • Language: en
  • Pages: 199

Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure

Lead is a ubiquitous metal in the environment, and its adverse effects on human health are well documented. Lead interacts at multiple cellular sites and can alter protein function in part through binding to amino acid sulfhydryl and carboxyl groups on a wide variety of structural and functional proteins. In addition, lead mimics calcium and other divalent cations, and it induces the increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Adverse effects associated with lead exposure can be observed in multiple body systems, including the nervous, cardiovascular, renal, hematologic, immunologic, and reproductive systems. Lead exposure is also known to induce adverse developmental effects ...

Contract Research and Development Organizations-Their History, Selection, and Utilization
  • Language: en
  • Pages: 515

Contract Research and Development Organizations-Their History, Selection, and Utilization

This volume provides a complete update of all the materials in prior volumes on the subject (including current directories to testing labs and other support establishments worldwide), while adding substantial new material on the following topics: · The history of CROs, including snapshots of CROs and a genealogy chart making clear where they came from and where they went. · Study directors and principal investigators. · The nuts and bolts of study performance. · Electronic reporting requirements – SEND and eCTD (required for NDA, BLA, ANDA, and IND submissions). · Consultants and their roles. · An expanded examination of common problems and their solutions. This book boasts complete ...

Genetically Engineered Crops
  • Language: en
  • Pages: 607

Genetically Engineered Crops

Genetically engineered (GE) crops were first introduced commercially in the 1990s. After two decades of production, some groups and individuals remain critical of the technology based on their concerns about possible adverse effects on human health, the environment, and ethical considerations. At the same time, others are concerned that the technology is not reaching its potential to improve human health and the environment because of stringent regulations and reduced public funding to develop products offering more benefits to society. While the debate about these and other questions related to the genetic engineering techniques of the first 20 years goes on, emerging genetic-engineering te...

Climate Change Issues
  • Language: en
  • Pages: 281

Climate Change Issues

Climate Change Issues provides a comprehensive overview of one of the most pressing global challenges of the 21st century—climate change and its profound impact on our planet. From rising global temperatures and sea levels to extreme weather events, this book explores the causes, effects, and potential solutions to mitigate global warming. Focusing on human activities such as greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and the excessive use of fossil fuels, the book highlights their role in exacerbating the greenhouse effect and disrupting ecological balance. It examines the scientific basis of climate change, its anticipated future impacts on human well-being and biodiversity, and the urgent need for innovative technologies and policy reforms. Designed to educate and inspire action, this book proposes strategies for reducing emissions, adopting sustainable practices, and advancing international cooperation to combat climate change effectively.

Calculated Risks
  • Language: en
  • Pages: 218

Calculated Risks

  • Type: Book
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  • Published: 2016-04-15
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  • Publisher: Routledge

This well-documented study examines one of the increasingly pressing problems for US homeland security: the storage and management of radioactive waste. Despite pressing homeland security and energy security concerns associated with highly radioactive waste, political considerations have prevented policy makers from adopting adequate long-term solutions to the problem. This book explores nuclear waste problems through the broader lens of federal, state and local government and the resultant constraints on policy that emerge within the American political system. Presenting specific case studies to highlight the deficiencies in current policy and planning as well as the possibility of terrorist activity, it is highly suited to courses on security studies and environmental politics.