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This background paper to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023 discusses the dynamics and drivers of urbanization, the associated changes in agrifood systems and the corresponding risks and opportunities to ensuring access to affordable healthy diets for all. The paper is based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from scientific papers and informed by new analyses conducted for the 2023 edition of The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World. A conceptual framework is presented for understanding the different pathways through which urbanization is driving changes in agrifood systems across the rural–urban continuum, and is, in turn, affecting access to affordable healthy diets.
This report provides an update on global progress towards the targets of ending hunger (SDG Target 2.1) and all forms of malnutrition (SDG Target 2.2) and estimates on the number of people who are unable to afford a healthy diet. Since its 2017 edition, this report has repeatedly highlighted that the intensification and interaction of conflict, climate extremes and economic slowdowns and downturns, combined with highly unaffordable nutritious foods and growing inequality, are pushing us off track to meet the SDG 2 targets. However, other important megatrends must also be factored into the analysis to fully understand the challenges and opportunities for meeting the SDG 2 targets. One such me...
Neoliberal theory on higher education highlights the challenges faced by academics in the "new times" of academia. Quality-improvement programs and academic accountability mechanisms have been advocated, but the profession's precariousness and stress make early career researchers especially vulnerable. The highly competitive funding environment and increased non-research duties put academics' time and dedication at risk. Early career academics can enhance Sub-Saharan African educational research by contributing effectively to contextually relevant research, collaborating with regional colleagues, and pursuing international collaboration and financing. However, more research is needed to understand the experiences of the new generation of academics and their responses to new performativity criteria. Contributors are: Ikechi Agbugba, Wiets Botes, Darrell de Klerk, Alan Felix, Claire Gaillard, Dean Langeveldt, Bheki Mngomezulu, Thembeka Myende, Amasa Ndofirepi, Ntombikayise Nkosi, Felix Okoye, June Palmer, Doniwen Pietersen, Percy Sepeng, Kevin Teise, Victor Teise and Yusef Waghid.
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Ce rapport fait le point sur les progrès accomplis au niveau mondial en direction des objectifs d’éradication de la faim (cible 2.1 des ODD) et d’élimination de la malnutrition sous toutes ses formes (cible 2.2). Il montre que la faim est demeurée relativement stable au niveau mondial entre 2021 et 2022, mais qu’elle se maintient largement au-dessus du niveau enregistré avant la pandémie de covid-19, et même qu’elle augmente dans de nombreuses régions où les populations n’ont pas encore pu compenser les pertes de revenus occasionnées par la pandémie, ou ont été durement touchées par la flambée des prix des denrées alimentaires, des intrants agricoles et de l’éner...
This background paper to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023 presents an innovative analysis of within-country variability of the cost and affordability of a healthy diet (CoAHD). The study uses an innovative spatial perspective by analysing the changes along the urban–rural catchment areas (URCA) and using the Living Standards Measurement Studies (LSMS) of 11 African countries. The results show that the cost of a healthy diet in peri-urban areas is lower than it is in urban areas, but the percentage of the population unable to afford a healthy diet is always higher in the surroundings of urban centres. The gap is particularly large between small cities and their surrounding areas, and the share of population unable to secure a healthy diet is disproportionally high in the more remote rural areas. The paper also investigates three methodological issues that were encountered during the analysis to provide evidence on the validity of the FAO Healthy Diet Basket (HDB) methodology for the estimation of subnational cost and affordability of a healthy diet.
En esta publicación se presenta información actualizada acerca de los progresos mundiales hacia las metas relativas a la erradicación del hambre (meta 2.1 de los ODS) y la malnutrición en todas sus formas (meta 2.2 de los ODS). En el presente informe se muestra que el hambre a nivel mundial se mantuvo relativamente sin variaciones entre 2021 y 2022, pero sigue estando muy por encima de los niveles anteriores a la pandemia de la COVID-19 y también está aumentando en muchos lugares donde las personas todavía luchan por recuperar las pérdidas de ingresos sufridas a raíz de la pandemia o bien han resultado afectadas por el aumento de los precios de los alimentos, los insumos agrícolas ...
Revised by a collaborative, international, interdisciplinary team of editors and authors, this edition of the Manual of Clinical Microbiology includes the latest applications of genomics and proteomics and is filled with current findings regarding infectious agents, leading-edge diagnostic methods, laboratory practices, and safety guidelines. This edition also features four new chapters: Diagnostic Stewardship in Clinical Microbiology; Salmonella; Escherichia and Shigella; and Morganellaceae, Erwiniaceae, Hafniaceae, and Selected Enterobacterales. This seminal reference of microbiology continues to set the standard for state-of-the-science laboratory practice as the most authoritative reference in the field of microbiology. If you are looking for online access to the latest from this reference or site access for your lab, please visit www.wiley.com/learn/clinmicronow.
The United States and China are the top two energy consumers in the world. As a consequence, they are also the top two emitters of numerous air pollutants which have local, regional, and global impacts. Urbanization has led to serious air pollution problems in U.S. and Chinese cities; although U.S. cities continues to face challenges, the lessons they have learned in managing energy use and air quality are relevant to the Chinese experience. This report summarizes current trends, profiles two U.S. and two Chinese cities, and recommends key actions to enable each country to continue to improve urban air quality.