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Axonal Branching and Recovery of Coordinated Muscle Activity after Transsection of the Facial Nerve in Adult Rats
Facial nerve surgery inevitably leads to partial pareses, abnormally associated movements and pathologically altered reflexes. The reason for this "post-paralytic syndrome" is the misdirected reinnervation of targets, which consists of two major components. First, due to malfunctioning axonal guidance, a muscle gets reinnervated by a "foreign" axon, that has been misrouted along a "wrong" fascicle. Second, the supernumerary collateral branches emerging from all transected axons simultaneously innervate antagonistic muscles and cause severe impairment of their coordinated activity. Since it is hardly possible to influence the first major component and improve the guidance of several thousands axons, the authors concentrated on the second major component and tried to reduce the collateral axonal branching.
Physical Rehabilitation of Paralysed Facial Muscles: Functional and Morphological Correlates
Using a combined morpho-functional approach the author recently found that polyinnervation of the neuro-muscular juction (NMJ) is the critical factor for recovery of function after transection and suture of the facial nerve. Since polyinnervation is activity-dependent and can be manipulated, he tried to design a clinically feasible therapy by electrical stimulation or by soft tissue massage. First, electrical stimulation was applied to the transected facial nerve or to paralysed facial muscles. Both procedures did not improve vibrissal motor performance (video-based motion analysis of whisking), failed to diminish polyinnervation and even reduced the number of innervated NMJ to one fifth of normal values. In contrast, gentle stroking of the paralysed vibrissal muscles by hand resulted in full recovery of whisking. Manual stimulation was also effective after hypoglossal-facial anastomosis and after interpositional nerve grafting. The author concludes that manual stimulation is a non-invasive procedure with immediate potential for clinical rehabilitation following facial nerve reconstruction.
Stimulation of Trigeminal Afferents Improves Motor Recovery After Facial Nerve Injury
Recovery of mimic function after facial nerve transection is poor: the successful regrowth of axotomized motoneurons to their targets is compromised by (i) poor axonal navigation and excessive collateral branching, (ii) abnormal exchange of nerve impulses between adjacent regrowing axons and (iii) insufficient synaptic input to facial motoneurons. As a result, axotomized motoneurons get hyperexcitable and unable to discharge. Since improvement of growth cone navigation and reduction of the ephaptic cross-talk between axons turn out be very difficult, the authorsa concentrated on the third detrimental component and proposed that an intensification of the trigeminal input to axotomized electro...
The Cerebral Perivascular Cells
Following an exhaustive literature review on the global issue of intracerebral presentation of antigen, this monograph summarizes results from voluminous work to establish which indigenous cerebral cells might present (auto)antigen to the immune system and thus initiate an (auto)immune reaction. Employing the combination of (a) a lesion model in which neuronal degeneration and neuronophagia are caused without disruption of the blood--brain barrier, (b) stable labeling of the neuronophages via phagocytosis of the permanent nontoxic fluorescent marker Fluoro-Gold from preloaded neurons, and (c) immunocytochemical identification of all FG-labeled brain neuronophages, the authors provide evidence that the only cells in the rat CNS which can be regarded as the resident antigen presenting cells of the brain are perivascular cells.
Facial Nerve Disorders and Diseases: Diagnosis and Management
This authoritative and up-to-date reference is a complete guide to the basic science, diagnosis, testing, and treatment of facial nerve disorders and diseases. An international team of renowned experts, put together and headed by the book's two specialist editors, provide in-depth discussion of facial nerve topography and physiology, as well as the broad spectrum of infectious, inflammatory, acute, chronic, benign, and malignant diseases related to facial nerve dysfunction. The book is filled with practical evidence-based information, guidelines, and algorithms presented in uniformly structured chapters, allowing readers to quickly pinpoint key details for treating a specific disease or diso...
Glial Interfaces in the Nervous System
Glial cells are commonly viewed as subordinate players to the functional requirements of neighbouring neurons - in normal as well as pathological conditions. These neuron-glial interactions are crucial for the development, maintenance, plasticity and repair of the nervous system. They are also dependent upon and/or influenced by interactions between glial cells themselves.
Dreams and Dreaming
With recent advances of modern medicine more people reach the 'elderly age' around the globe and the number of dementia cases are ever increasing. This book is about various aspects of dementia and provides its readers with a wide range of thought-provoking sub-topics in the field of dementia. The ultimate goal of this monograph is to stimulate other physicians' and neuroscientists' interest to carry out more research projects into pathogenesis of this devastating group of diseases.
Functional Plasticity and Genetic Variation
With recent advances of modern medicine more people reach the 'elderly age' around the globe and the number of dementia cases are ever increasing. This book is about various aspects of dementia and provides its readers with a wide range of thought-provoking sub-topics in the field of dementia. The ultimate goal of this monograph is to stimulate other physicians' and neuroscientists' interest to carry out more research projects into pathogenesis of this devastating group of diseases.
Basic Aspects of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase and the Clinical Applications of its Inhibitors
Volume 95 of International Review of Neurobiology focuses on Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition, and its clinical application in relation to Parkinson’s disease. Chapters cover COMT gene and proteins, L-dopa treatment in Parkinson’s disease, the latest research on COMT inhibitors and their clinical applications, as well as future prospects for their use. Up-to-date summary of biochemistry and pharmacology of COMT and its inhibitors Preclinical models in COMT inhibitor devlopment Transgenic COMT mice – latest information summarized Chemistry of COMT inhibitors and their design with molecular modelling COMT gene and its regulation and relation to dopamine related diseases Role of cofactor SAM regulation in relation to homocysteine Nonclinical and clinical safety of COMT inhibitors summarized Future prospects of COMT inhibitors in Parkinson’s disease
