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Millions of people are exposed to thousands of brands daily through different means, and we may categorise some as advertisements. William M. O’Barr calls it “conditioning of the consumers.” Advertisements can be analysed from different perspectives. For instance, Philip Nelson, in his study “Advertising as Information,” analyses advertisements based on the capacity of advertisements to direct the information toward the consumers, helping them separate one brand from another. Demetrios Vakratsas and Tim Ambler, in their study “How Advertising Works: What Do We Really Know?” discussed factors like “consumer’s belief and attitudes” and “behavioral effects” leading to pu...
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An introduction to the politics and society of post-colonial Nigeria, highlighting the key themes of ethnicity, democracy, and development.
Schools are constantly under pressure to keep up with the pace of changes in society. In parallel, societal demands for what schools should teach are also constantly changing; often driven by political agendas, ideologies, or parental pressures, to add global competency, digital literacy, data literacy, environmental literacy, media literacy, social-emotional skills, etc. This “curriculum expansion” puts pressure on policy makers and schools to add new contents to already crowded curriculum.
Plant biotechnology is the science of developing methods of genetic modification in plants to achieve certain desired characteristics. Genetic modification is the altering of plants' genetic traits by manipulating genes. In recent years, plant breeders have developed innovative methods of genetic modification for increased crop yield. The techniques related to this field have applications across a number of scientific fields such as plant physiology, botany, agronomy, plant biochemistry, plant pathology, etc. This book presents upcoming concepts and theories related to the fields of plant biotechnology and genetics. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.
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In this groundbreaking collection, leading historians, Africanists, and other scholars document the life and work of twelve Igbo intellectuals who, educated within European traditions, came to terms with the dominance of European thought while making significant contributions to African intellectual traditions.
This book makes two central claims: first, that mineral-rich states are cursed not by their wealth but, rather, by the ownership structure they choose to manage their mineral wealth and second, that weak institutions are not inevitable in mineral-rich states. Each represents a significant departure from the conventional resource curse literature, which has treated ownership structure as a constant across time and space and has presumed that mineral-rich countries are incapable of either building or sustaining strong institutions - particularly fiscal regimes. The experience of the five petroleum-rich Soviet successor states (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) provides a clear challenge to both of these assumptions. Their respective developmental trajectories since independence demonstrate not only that ownership structure can vary even across countries that share the same institutional legacy but also that this variation helps to explain the divergence in their subsequent fiscal regimes.