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The first natural magnetic material found to man in pre historic time was magnetite (Fe3O4), which is now known as ferrous ferrite. The story of ferrites begins with the search for ferromagnetic material of usual high resistivity to obtain reasonable low eddy current losses. When ferrimagnetic materials placed in alternating field, eddy current generates into them, which dissipates energy. These losses can be reduced by lamination of ferrimagnetic core to restrict eddy current. Since, eddy current losses are inversely proportional to the resistivity; they can be minimized by use of magnetic materials of high resistivity. Ferrites having resistivity of up to 107Ωm as compared to 10-7Ωm of iron, reduces the eddy current losses in them to a negligible value, even at microwave frequencies.
Mixed metal oxides with iron oxide as a main constituent are called as ferrites. Ferrites are ferrimagnetic cubic spinels which possess combine properties of magnetic materials and electrical insulators; they have been intensively investigated in being the subject of great interest because of their importance in many applications. Spinel ferrites have received special attention over the last decade because of their extensive use in many applications such as transmitting microwave devices, computer memory chips, magnetic recording media, and radio frequency coil fabrication, transformer cores, catalysis, photocatalysis, magnetically guided drug delivery, hyperthermia and many branches of telecommunication and electronic engineering. The features of spinel structure show that these ferrites have eight formula units per unit cell. A unit cell comprises eight tetrahedral and sixteen octahedral sites with AB2O4 where (A) and (B) refer to the tetrahedral and octahedral cation sites respectively. In inverse spinel structure, the tetrahedral (A) site.
Vacanāmr̥ta of Swami Sahajānanda, 1781-1830, work on Swaminarayan.
The annual is a venue of publication for sociological studies of Chinese societies and the Chinese all over the world. The main focus is on social transformations in Hong Kong, Taiwan, the mainland, Singapore and Chinese overseas.
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology is a unique compilation of reviews addressing frontiers in biologicals as a rich source for innovative medicines. This book fulfills the needs of a broad community of scientists interested in biologicals from diverse perspectives—basic research, biotechnology, protein engineering, protein delivery, medicines, pharmaceuticals and vaccinology. The diverse topics range from advanced biotechnologies aimed to introduce novel, potent engineered vaccines of unprecedented efficacy and safety for a wide scope of human diseases to natural products, small peptides and polypeptides engineered for discrete prophylaxis and therapeutic purposes. Modern biologicals promise to ...
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Grammar Booster is a four-level, full-colour series of grammar reference and practice books. The series is suitable for use on its own or with any Beginner, Elementary, Pre-Intermediate and Intermediate course. Grammar points are clearly presented through a fun cartoon strip featuring Jim and Tonic, two endearing cartoon characters, who not only appeal to students’ imagination, but also help them to understand and practise the grammar points presented.
Thibetan medicine is about 2500 years old. And some of its elements are even older, about 5000 years or more. The author had a cancer treatment with serious and chronic side effects, and turned to alternative medicine for help.
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