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Civil Fines and Penalties Debt
This report reviews the debt collection processes and procedures used by the Dept. of the Treasury's U.S. Customs Service. It provides the results of a review of Customs' management of and practices for collecting civil fines and penalties (CFP) debt. According to Customs' records, its gross CFP debt more than tripled from the start of FY1997 to the end of FY2000, rising from about $218.1 million as of Oct. 1, 1996, to about $773.6 million as of Sept. 30, 2000. This report determines: (1) the primary reasons for the growth in Customs' reported uncollected CFP debt; (2) whether Customs' processes to collect CFP debt needed to be strengthened; and (3) what role, if any, the OMB and Treasury play in overseeing Customs' collection of CFP debt.
Financial Penalties in the Roman Republic
"Private property in Rome effectively measures the suitability of each individual to serve in the army and to compete in the political arena. What happens then, when a Roman citizen is deprived of his property? Financial penalties played a crucial role in either discouraging or effectively punishing wrongdoers. This book offers the first coherent discussion of confiscations and fines in the Roman Republic by exploring the political, social, and economic impact of these punishments on private wealth"--
Money and the Governance of Punishment
Money is the most frequently means used in the legal system to punish and regulate. Monetary penalties outnumber all other sanctions delivered by criminal justice in many jurisdictions, imprisonment included. More people pay fines than go to prison and in some jurisdictions many of those in prison are there because of failure to pay their fines. Therefore, it is surprising how little has been written in the Anglophone academic world about the nature of money sanctions and their specific characteristics as legal sanctions. In many ways, legal innovations related to money sanctions have been poorly understood. This book argues that they are a direct consequence of the changing meaning of money...
Day Fines in Europe
"With the cooperation of Marianne Breijer, Erasmus University Rotterdam."
The Statutes
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