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Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an ensemble of non-cellular components present within all tissues and organs of the human body. The ECM provides structural support for scaffolding cellular constituents and biochemical and biomechanical support for those events leading to tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. Essential components of all ECMs are water, proteins and polysaccharides. However, their composition, architecture and bioactivity greatly vary from tissue to tissue in relation to the specific role the ECM is required to assume. This book overviews the role of the ECM in different tissues and organs of the human body.
The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase in Human Body Pathologies
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic zinc-containing enzymes involved in physiological as well as in pathological processes in the human organism. MMPs play a key role in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Such a process may occur because of tissue homeostasis, morphogenesis, and tissue repair. However, remodeling could also be a part of many pathological states such as arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, or impaired development in congenital anomalies. This book overviews the role of MMPs in different pathologies affecting the human body.
Generalized Continua as Models for Classical and Advanced Materials
This volume is devoted to an actual topic which is the focus world-wide of various research groups. It contains contributions describing the material behavior on different scales, new existence and uniqueness theorems, the formulation of constitutive equations for advanced materials. The main emphasis of the contributions is directed on the following items - Modelling and simulation of natural and artificial materials with significant microstructure, - Generalized continua as a result of multi-scale models, - Multi-field actions on materials resulting in generalized material models, - Theories including higher gradients, and - Comparison with discrete modelling approaches
Variational Continuum Multiphase Poroelasticity
This book collects the theoretical derivation of a recently presented general variational macroscopic continuum theory of multiphase poroelasticity (VMTPM), together with its applications to consolidation and stress partitioning problems of interest in several applicative engineering contexts, such as in geomechanics and biomechanics. The theory is derived based on a purely-variational deduction, rooted in the least-Action principle, by considering a minimal set of kinematic descriptors. The treatment herein considered keeps a specific focus on the derivation of most general medium-independent governing equations. It is shown that VMTPM recovers paradigms of consolidated use in multiphase po...
Injury Analysis and Treatment Planning with Virtual Human Body Models
Life-saving medical and scientific research-based interventions are extending people's lives and saving the lives of people who have suffered from diseases and injuries. This has led to an increased need for the development of technical and medical devices for the prevention, rehabilitation, and treatment of injuries. With the development of computer technology, more and more virtual models of the human body have been developed for biomedical and biomechanical research and application. Reliable virtual body models can efficiently improve injury prediction and rehabilitation, as well as disease diagnosis and treatment. For the past decade, biomechanical virtual human body models have experienced major advancements in terms of development methods, model biofidelity, availability, and applications.
Customized Artificial Implants: Bionic Design and Multiscale Evaluation
Artificial implants have been commonly used to replace or fix damaged tissue in orthopedics. However, due to the inter-individual differences and the complexities of anatomical structures and load conditions, traditional implants cannot meet the clinical requirements. In recent years, questions relating to customized artificial implants have been getting more and more attention from the research community. Challenges to implementing precision design and evaluation arise not only from the design need of considering bionic structures, kinematical function, mechanical performances, and biological functional similarity but also from the multiscale comprehensive evaluation, the latter involves biomechanics and biotribology of musculoskeletal systems from macro musculoskeletal multibody dynamics to micromechanics of porous structures. Established analysis technologies such as musculoskeletal multibody dynamics modeling and neuromusculoskeletal modeling are being well developed and evolved through combining/coupling with finite element analyses and, more recently, by novel artificial intelligence approaches.
