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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
- Includes many code examples in R and SQL, with R/SQL scripts freely provided online. - Extensive use of real datasets from empirical economic research and business analytics, with data files freely provided online. - Leads students and practitioners to think critically about where the bottlenecks are in practical data analysis tasks with large data sets, and how to address them.
A large body of molecular and neurophysiological evidence attaches synaptic plasticity and connectivity to specific functions and energy metabolism in particular areas of the brain. A favourable approach to investigating various brain functions in humans that enables a well-defined modulation of neuronal excitability and energy is to stimulate the brain using a dedicated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) protocol and then to observe the effect on neurometabolites and brain functioning using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. tDCS is a non-invasive technique for brain stimulation that modulates the level of cortical excitability (hyper- or hypo-polarisation of the membranes) to investigate the biochemical and physiological roles of the brain. The technique is also utilised for clinical and therapeutic purposes, such as depression, chronic pain, epilepsy, stroke-induced aphasia or Parkinson's motor symptoms, and can also be used to boost ongoing activities, including accelerated learning, focus, memorisation or relaxation.