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Founded in the Middle Ages, the craftsmen's guilds of France oversaw the stonecutters, plasterers, woodworkers and other skilled artisans who built their country's great cathedrals, chateaux and other monuments. This book brings to life the history and traditions of these organizations.
This is the first comprehensive study of an ingenious number-notation from the Middle Ages that was devised by monks and mainly used in monasteries. A simple notation for representing any number up to 99 by a single cipher, somehow related to an ancient Greek shorthand, first appeared in early-13th-century England, brought from Athens by an English monk. A second, more useful version, due to Cistercian monks, is first attested in the late 13th century in what is today the border country between Belgium and France: with this any number up to 9999 can be represented by a single cipher. The ciphers were used in scriptoria - for the foliation of manuscripts, for writing year-numbers, preparing i...
Return to the fray of the Afrocentrist movement in the second volume of White Athena. Walter Slack follows up his first volume, which took to task those who claim that the Greeks and others stole their philosophy, science, and culture from black Africansarguing that the world needs to give credit to the right people. This volume is much less a comparison of diverse philosophies and cosmologies, and much more an evaluation of claims regarding imagined imports of technical, cultural, religious, and practical artifacts. Slack examines numerous Afrocentrist claims, including that cultural tutors from black Africa roamed early Europe, Muslim Spain, and pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and even traveled to ancient China with all sorts of cultural, intellectual, and scientific contributions. The author concludes that most damaging to the credibility of Afrocentrists is their willingness to adopt any and every theory that supports their ideological thesis of African cultural supremacyovertly or covertlybased upon race. Open your mind to an honest and impartial view of world history with White Athena, Volume 2.
Sept grands-oncles Morts pour la France, et nombre de blessés... Une famille, comme tant d'autres, détruite lors de la Grande Guerre... L'auteur remet pédagogiquement en lumière la vie de ces hommes au front, dans la boue, au plus près des combats. Il s'appuie sur les témoignages que lui ont transmis ses proches et les a accompagnés d'éléments extraits du Service Historique de la Défense, minutieusement replacés dans leur contexte historique. Témoins d'un autre temps, vous découvrirez leurs métiers, leurs amours, leurs doutes, leurs rêves brisés, leur jeunesse sacrifiée... Pas à pas, sans haine, à travers une longue enquête, l'auteur vous conduira à l'aide de cartes et de photos jusqu'à leur dernier jour. Cinq d'entre eux étaient des enfants de Saint-Ouen en Seine-Saint-Denis, deux d'un petit village du côté de Castres dans le Tarn. Tous fantassins, ils appartenaient au 14 BCA, 36 RI, 58 RI, 152 RI, 154 RI et 166 RI.
London has a unique series of churches built after the Great Fire of 1666, when most of the City of London was destroyed. Among these iconic churches are St Paul's, St Mary-le-Bow, St Bride's, St Clement Danes, St Martin-in-the-Fields, St Mary-le-Strand, St George Bloomsbury and Christ Church Spitalfields. They remain today as outstanding landmarks that define their local cityscapes. Designed by Sir Christopher Wren and his followers - Hawksmoor, Gibbs, Archer and James - these beautiful churches embody spiritual principles expressed through the conventions of Classical architecture. Underlying their outward, visible forms is sacred geometry, an ancient art that explores the invisible inner structure of the Cosmos and gives expression to it in physical form. In this book, Nigel Pennick explains the sacred geometry, spiritual symbols and emblems that make these churches among the most notable buildings of London.
Like many organizations and social movements, the Third Republic French labour movement exhibited a marked tendency to schism into competing sectarian organizations. During the roughly 50-year period from the fall of the Paris Commune to the creation of the powerful French Communist Party, the French labour movement shifted from schism to broad-based solidarity and back to schism. In this 2001 book, Ansell analyses the dynamic interplay between political mobilization, organization-building, and ideological articulation that produced these shifts between schism and solidarity. The aim is not only to shed light on the evolution of the Third Republic French labour movement, but also to develop a more generic understanding of schism and solidarity in organizations and social movements. To develop this broader understanding, the book builds on insights drawn from sociological analyses of Protestant sects and anthropological studies of segmentary societies, as well as from organization and social movement theory.
"Writer's Guide to Book Editors, Publishers, and Literary Agents gets you past the slush piles and into the hands of the right people. This one-of-a-kind reference gives you the names, addresses, and phone numbers of hundreds of top editors and agents and includes essays by savvy "insiders" who reveal the secrets to winning them over. More comprehensive than ever before, this year's edition gives you everything you need to know to get published, from writing the knockout book proposal to turning initial rejection into ultimate success. This deluxe edition includes a CD-ROM that contains the entire database of agents and publishers along with systems for tracking submissions, expenses, titles...
A series of essays explains what Catholicism is, the history of the religion and its people, the beliefs and traditions of the religion, and challenges facing Catholics today.
Cet ouvrage est une réédition numérique d’un livre paru au XXe siècle, désormais indisponible dans son format d’origine.
Cet ouvrage est une réédition numérique d’un livre paru au XXe siècle, désormais indisponible dans son format d’origine.