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Some twenty years ago, the search began for B-cell lymphoma (BCL)-10 binding partners that connect via homophilic interaction with its N-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD) to induce nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation. This effort led first to the identification of the protein CARD9. Soon afterwards, similar searches identified CARD10 (aka CARMA3), CARD11 (aka CARMA1) and CARD14 (aka CARMA2), as further BCL10 interactors. These discoveries paved the way for landmark progress in our understanding of NF-κB activation pathways downstream of several cell surface receptors on multiple cell types, focused particularly on antigen receptors on lymphocytes. An additional binding partn...
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Inducible defenses--those often dramatic phenotypic shifts in prey activated by biological agents ranging from predators to pathogens--are widespread in the natural world. Yet research on the inducible defenses used by vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater habitats has largely developed along independent lines. Tollrian and Harvell bring together leading researchers from all fields to review common themes and explore emerging ideas. Contributors examine organisms as different as unicellular algae and higher vertebrates, and consider defenses ranging from immune systems to protective changes in morphology, behavior, chemistry, and life history.