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The 1835 Municipal Reform Act is both a consequence and a continuation of the 1832 Reform Act. By dealing with those “citadels of Torysm” that were the municipal corporations, the Whigs not only wanted to confirm their electoral victory, but also to reform the local system that had been largely criticised for decades. Preceding the reform, a thorough investigation was conducted by a group of twenty commissioners – young liberal or radical lawyers – who visited 285 municipal corporations in England and Wales. After public hearings, they wrote, for each borough, a detailed report which provided an accurate picture of the municipal institutions and their functioning over the preceding d...
"Dividing Paris: Urban Renewal and Social Inequality, 1852-1870 offers a new look at the ambitious urban changes that transformed the city of Paris during the Second Empire, when Paris became a template for urban renewal in many large cities in Europe, North, and South America. Esther da Costa Meyer looks at the social and historical of context of these urban changes--what Napoleon III, his prefect Georges-Eugene Haussman, and their team of engineers planned, as well as how the diverse and deeply stratified public responded to them. Along with broad streets and boulevards intended to enable crowds and merchandise to circulate and, also, impede the chances of popular insurgency, Haussman's pr...
This open access book explores the role of continuity in political processes and practices during the Age of Revolutions. It argues that the changes that took place in the years around 1800 were enabled by different types of continuities across Europe and in the Americas. With historians of modernity tending to emphasise the rise of the new, scholarship has leaned towards an assumption that existing modes of action, thought and practice simply became extinct, irrelevant or at least subordinate to new modes. In contrast, this collection examines continuities between early modern and modern political cultures and organization in Europe and the Americas. Shifting the focus from political modernization, the authors examine the continued relevance of older, often local, practices in (post)revolutionary politics. By doing so, they aim to highlight the role of local political traditions and practices in forging and enabling political change. The book argues that while political change was in fact at the centre of both the old and new polities that emerged in the Age of Revolutions, it coexisted with, and was indeed enabled by, continuities at other levels.
This book details our progress in understanding the receptor and intracellular signaling mechanisms utilized by semaphorins. It covers the entire semaphorin field from neurosciences to cardiovascular research and beyond, detailing all the latest techniques and results. The comprehensive overview of semaphorin biology and signaling presented in this book allows one to compare semaphorin functions between different biological systems.
An erudite and highly enjoyable exploration of the most intriguing of personal spaces, from Greek and Roman antiquity through today The winner of France’s prestigious Prix Femina Essai (2009), this imaginative and captivating book explores the many dimensions of the room in which we spend so much of our lives—the bedroom. Eminent cultural historian Michelle Perrot traces the evolution of the bedroom from the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans to today, examining its myriad forms and functions, from royal king’s chamber to child’s sleeping quarters to lovers’ trysting place to monk’s cell. The history of women, so eager for a room of their own, and that of prisons, where the principal cause of suffering is the lack of privacy, is interwoven with a reflection on secrecy, walls, the night and its mysteries. Drawing from a wide range of sources, including architectural and design treatises, private journals, novels, memoirs, and correspondences, Perrot’s engaging book follows the many roads that lead to the bedroom—birth, sex, illness, death—in its endeavor to expose the most intimate, nocturnal side of human history.
Elected Council Members: Citizens, City Dwellers, and Property Owners -- Yussuf Ziya al-Khalidi, the Founding Mayor -- At the Heart of Municipal Action: The Defense of Public Space -- Urbanites All? Public Health, Leisure, and Municipal Finances -- 6. The Wild Revolutionary Days of 1908 -- What Time Was It in Jerusalem? -- The Wild Days of August 1908: Jerusalem's Forgotten Revolution -- Unexpected Fracture Lines -- New Vectors of Lively Public Opinion -- Underneath Communities, Classes? -- 7. Intersecting Identities -- Albert Antébi, Levantine Urbanite -- An "Arab Awakening" in the Chaos of Battle -- Jerusalem and the Parochialism of the "People of the Holy Land"--Jerusalem, the Thrice-Holy City, and the Municipium -- Conclusion: The Bifurcation of Time -- The Bird People -- Ben-Yehuda, the Outsider -- Toward a Shared History -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index
In 1871 Paris was a city in crisis. Besieged during the Franco-Prussian War, its buildings and boulevards were damaged, its finances mired in debt, and its new government untested. But if Parisian authorities balked at the challenges facing them, entrepreneurs and businessmen did not. Selling Paris chronicles the people, practices, and politics that spurred the largest building boom of the nineteenth century, turning city-making into big business in the French capital. Alexia Yates traces the emergence of a commercial Parisian housing market, as private property owners, architects, speculative developers, and credit-lending institutions combined to finance, build, and sell apartments and bui...
This volume invites you to wander through the shadows of the City of Light and discover another, often invisible and silent Paris. Its chapters explore Parisian margins, including various populations, spaces and practices, as represented in French literature and cinema since 1800. You will take a peek at the Parisians’ criminal activities and nocturnal lives in the nineteenth century, and witness how industrialization and capitalism between the 1850s and the 1970s reshaped the socioeconomic map of the city by creating or reinforcing spaces of social inequity. You will also meet marginalized groups that are often ignored or neglected in today’s Paris—and French society—including the LGBTQIA+, Black and immigrant communities.
Since the mid-1970s, the colloquial term zone has often been associated with the troubled post-war housing estates on the outskirts of large French cities. However, it once referred to a more circumscribed space: the zone non aedificandi (non-building zone) which encircled Paris from the 1840s to the 1940s. This unusual territory, although marginal in a social and geographical sense, came to occupy a central place in Parisian culture. Previous studies have focused on its urban and social history, or on particular ways in which it was represented during particular periods. By bringing together and analysing a wider range of sources from the duration of the zone’s existence, this study offers a rich and nuanced account of how the area was perceived and used by successive generations of Parisian novelists (including Zola and Flaubert), poets, songwriters, artists, photographers, film-makers, politicians and town-planners. More generally, it aims to raise awareness of a neglected aspect of Parisian cultural history while pointing to links between current and past perceptions of the city’s periphery.
Star of stage and screen, cultural ambassador, civil rights and political activist--Josephine Baker was defined by the various public roles that made her 50-year career an exemplar of postmodern identity. Her legacy continues to influence modern culture more than 40 years after her death. This new collection of essays interprets Baker's life in the context of modernism, feminism, race, gender and sexuality. The contributors focus on various aspects of her life and career, including her performances and public reception, civil rights efforts, the architecture of her unbuilt house, and her modern-day "afterlife."