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In Racial Science in Hitler’s New Europe, 1938–1945, international scholars examine the theories of race that informed the legal, political, and social policies aimed against ethnic minorities in Nazi-dominated Europe. The essays explicate how racial science, preexisting racist sentiments, and pseudoscientific theories of race that were preeminent in interwar Europe ultimately facilitated Nazi racial designs for a “New Europe.” The volume examines racial theories in a number of European nation-states in order to understand racial thinking at large, the origins of the Holocaust, and the history of ethnic discrimination in each of those countries. The essays, by uncovering neglected layers of complexity, diversity, and nuance, demonstrate how local discourse on race paralleled Nazi racial theory but had unique nationalist intellectual traditions of racial thought. Written by rising scholars who are new to English-language audiences, this work examines the scientific foundations that central, eastern, northern, and southern European countries laid for ethnic discrimination, the attempted annihilation of Jews, and the elimination of other so-called inferior peoples.
Surviving Hitler and Mussolini examines how far everyday life was possible in a situation of total war and brutal occupation. Its theme is the social experience of occupation in German- and Italian-occupied Europe, and in particular the strategies ordinary people developed in order to survive. Survival included meeting the challenges of shortage and hunger, of having to work for the enemy, of women entering into intimate relations with soldiers, of the preservation of culture in a fascist universe, of whether and how to resist, and the reaction of local communities to measures of reprisal taken in response to resistance. What emerges is that ordinary people were less heroes, villains or victims than inventive and resourceful individuals able to maintain courage and dignity despite the conditions they faced.The book adopts a comparative approach from Denmark and the Netherlands to Poland and Greece, and offers a fresh perspective on the Second World War.
Arthur Seyß-Inquart steht für eine außergewöhnliche Karriere: Innerhalb kurzer Zeit stieg der Wiener Rechtsanwalt zu einem einflussreichen Funktionär des NS-Regimes auf. Besonders in seiner Funktion als Reichskommissar trug er zwischen 1940 und 1945 die Verantwortung für die Nazifizierung und Gleichschaltung der Niederlande. In diesem Buch wird zum ersten Mal seine Politik in Den Haag umfassend analysiert. Welche Handlungs- und Entscheidungsspielräume hatte Hitlers Statthalter in den Niederlanden? Wie gelang es diesem Aufsteiger, seine Position innerhalb des NS-Regimes bis Kriegsende zu festigen? Und wie lässt er sich unter den nationalsozialistischen Tätern einordnen? Letztlich kann anhand von Seyß-Inquart die Bedeutung von ‚Zwischeninstanzen‘ für das NS-System deutlich gemacht werden.
This is the first academic book on Dutch colonial aspirations and initiatives during WWII. Between the summers of 1941 and 1944, some 5,500 Dutch men and women left their occupied homeland to find employment in the so-called German Occupied Eastern Territories: Belarus, the Baltic countries and parts of Ukraine. This was the area designated for colonization by Germanic people. It was also the stage of the "Holocaust by Bullets," a centrally coordinated policy of exploitation and oppression and a ruthless anti-partisan war. This book seeks to answer why the Dutch decided to go there, how their recruitment, transfer and stay were organized, and how they reacted to this scene of genocidal violence. It is a close-up study of racial monomania, of empire-building on the old continent and of collaboration in Nazi-occupied Europe.
The first comprehensive study of Jewish survival in western Europe in all its forms during the Holocaust.
The introduction to the first part of this volume, "Flossenbürg - Stammlager" (pp. 17-66), by Jörg Skriebeleit, describes the construction and functioning of the camp at Flossenbürg. Pp. 67-288 describe its satellite camps, each entry by a different author. The introduction to the second part, "Mauthausen - Stammlager" (pp. 293-346), by Florian Freund and Bertrand Perz, traces the history of the camp at Mauthausen. Pp. 347-470 present its satellite camps. The introduction to the third part, "Ravensbrück - Stammlager" (pp. 473-520), by Annette Leo, discusses the camp for women in Ravensbrück. Pp. 521-607 describe its satellite camps. Throughout the book, Jews are mentioned sporadically.
A common view is that the Second World War in Europe ended in May 1945. But fighting continued for over a decade in the Baltic states. Stuck between two totalitarian regimes–Stalin’s USSR and Hitler’s Reich–the populations of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had been subjected to a brutal Soviet occupation in 1940, Nazi invasion in 1941, and Soviet re-occupation in 1944, falsely branded as ‘liberation’. Variously labelled ‘freedom fighters’ or ‘Nazi bandits’ by historians, the Baltic partisans who would become known as the Forest Brothers fought a long campaign against occupation that eventually failed under the might of the USSR. Much of this history of armed resistance, wh...
A pioneering study on the causes and consequences of the Dutch famine of 1944-1945.
The religious association of Jehovah’s Witnesses has existed for about 150 years in Europe. How Jehovah’s Witnesses found their way in these countries has depended upon the way this missionary association was treated by the majority of the non-Witness population, the government and established churches. In this respect, the history of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Europe is also a history of the social constitution of these countries and their willingness to accept and integrate religious minorities. Jehovah’s Witnesses faced suppression and persecution not only in dictatorships, but also in some democratic states. In other countries, however, they developed in relative freedom. How the different situations in the various national societies affected the religious association and what challenges Jehovah’s Witnesses had to overcome – and still do in part even until our day – is the theme of this history volume.
The first ever in-depth study of the role played by the nobility in the Nazi rise to power in interwar Germany, this is a fascinating portrait of an aristocratic world teetering on the edge of self-destruction.