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Correctional Health Care Delivery
Each person confined in jails, prisons, and juvenile detention facilities must be afforded unimpeded access to needed health care. Such persons, without risk of interference or fear of reprisal, should be able to alert health care staff of a medical need, obtain a timely professional evaluation of that need, and receive treatment in the manner prescribed by a competent provider. Simply stated, no correctional officer should ever prevent, impede, or inhibit anyone from alerting a health care provider of a perceived need for health services, even though the officer may believe the request is trivial, fictitious, or undeserved. This book focuses on access to health care services by special popu...
Danger Signals Triggering Immune Response and Inflammation
The immune system detects "danger" through a series of what we call pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), working in concert with both positive and negative signals derived from other tissues. PAMPs are molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes. They are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors. A vast array of different types of molecules can serve as PAMPs, including glycans and glycoconjugates. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), endotoxins found on the cell membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, are considered ...
Epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease: shared pathology, clinical presentations, and targets for treatment
Emerging data suggest a link between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and epilepsy. AD and other dementias pose increased risk for seizures, with seizure incidence in AD up to ten times greater than in age-matched controls. Mouse models of AD also demonstrate seizures and abnormal spikes or sharp wave discharges (“interictal epileptiform discharges” [IEDs]) on electroencephalography (EEG). Seizures and IEDs may underlie fluctuating cognitive abilities in AD, with the impact of antiseizure medication (ASM) requiring further investigation. Many epilepsy patients have memory and other cognitive deficits, due to multiple factors. Most adult-onset epilepsy occurs in people =60 years of age, and epi...
