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Understanding the Crosstalk Between Immune Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer and Its Implications for Immunotherapy
One of the current challenges and failures of immunotherapy is in part due to the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) that provides a formidable barrier to immune infiltration and function. The TME consists of various cell types (tumor cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells), soluble signaling molecules (cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines), and extracellular matrix. On another note, metabolic disturbances in various TME components, such as hypoxia, acidosis, lactate accumulation, and nutrient deprivation, can play a critical role in the tumor progression. Furthermore, genetic and epigenetic dysfunctions are known to be part of the characteristics of cancer development. The immune cells could have a pro- or anti-tumor role in the TME, and their activity might vary in the context of different cancers. Both innate and adaptive immune cells interact with tumor cells through direct contact or through chemokines and cytokines signaling, shaping the tumor's activity and response to therapy.
Epigenetic and Metabolic Regulators of Breast Carcinogenesis
Breast cancer is the most common tumor in females worldwide. Cancer epigenetics and metabolic reprogramming are known cancer hallmarks. Recent advances in the field of epigenetics include histone modification, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNAs. In contrast to genetic modifications, epigenetics refers to a set of dynamic alterations. By controlling the on and off states of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, as well as re-engineering the tumor microenvironment, epigenetics plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. Additionally, the complex process of metabolic reprogramming is required for both malignant transformation and tumor development, including invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, reprogrammed metabolic activities have been utilized to diagnose, monitor, and treat cancer patients. In tumor tissues, metabolic heterogeneity was found to take a role in the adaptation to the microenvironment drastic changes resulting from current therapeutic modalities.
Features, Transmission, Detection, and Case Studies in COVID-19
Features, Transmission, Detection, and Case Studies in COVID-19 examines the effects of the virus on the body, as well as its transmission and clinical profile. This volume begins with an introduction to the virus and its pathogenesis, transmission, and avoidance, followed by sections on pulmonary and cardiovascular effects, obesity, diabetes, the liver, detection issues, and biomarkers. Vaccines and treatment are also discussed. Specific case studies covered include hypoxia, acute kidney injury, pneumonia, and neurological effects. This volume is relevant for all clinicians and scientists working to ensure the best outcomes for patients with COVID-19. - Discusses COVID-19 biology, including...
Insights in Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics: 2021
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Diagnostic, Prognostic and Predictive Factors of Response in the Era of Precision Oncology in Breast Cancer
In the last couple of decades, the study of the cancer genome and the progressive implementation of next-generation sequencing platforms have provided the Scientific and Oncology communities with a multitude of data, technologies, diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive tools that have been revolutionizing the way we can study, diagnose and treat cancer, including breast tumors. For example, genomic tests can now refine the prognosis of early-stage breast cancer patients beyond standard clinicopathological features and help guide escalated or de-escalated treatment choices. The identification of the molecular intrinsic subtypes might also be helpful in guiding treatment choices in advanced hormone receptor-positive disease. The identification of germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 has led to the development and introduction of PARP inhibitors for the treatment of advanced and early-stage breast cancer, along with personalized follow-up and prophylactic surgical procedures for patients with or without cancer, carrying such mutations.
