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Marine Research
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Observations of Surface to Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics
Called the firebox of the atmosphere, the tropics absorb more energy from the Sun than they lose through longwave emissions; this excess energy activates processes in the temperate and polar regions of the Earth. This book documents the historical evolution of concepts which describe the complex interactions of scales of motion which connect the surface, mixed, and cloud layers to the deeper atmosphere of the tropics. Thermodynamic and kinematic consequences of these transfers of energy are extended to the geochemical and living worlds.
Collected Reprints
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Radiation Sensor Comparisons During GATE International Sea Trails (GIST)
Radiation sensors on two ships of the U.S.S.R., one of Mexico, and one of the U.S. were compared during the GATE International Sea Trials (GIST), 2-10 August 1973, near 20N, 60W. Pyranometer comparison showed that two instruments disagreed by 23%, but the remaining four pyranometers disagreed by less than 6%. The data also suggest the Yanishevsky and Eppley pyranometers have dissimilar cosine response characteristics which causes them to disagree by 4 mW cm−2 or less at low sun elevation angels. Pyheliometers on the fours ships were in agreement to within 1.7%. Two pyrgeometers (an Anström type and Eppley type) differed by only 1.3%. An analysis of the GIST data suggests that, if conditions during the main field experiment are the same as in GIST, the three-day comparison period should be sufficient to reduce random errors in pyranometer measurements to 0.8%. This will allow determination of systematic pyranometer errors to well within the 5% level specified by ISMG.
