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International Labor Migration and Livelihood Security in Nepal
As measured by its per-capita income, Nepal is one of the poorest countries in the world, with large parts of its population trapped in poverty within a stunning, but difficult to control natural environment. Under these conditions, since the wake of the 21st century, international labour migration and the associated remittances of large amounts of foreign exchange have rapidly gained influence on the country’s economic and social development, triggered by internal disturbances, in particular economic downturn and political upheavals, as well as external dynamics which boosted an uprising international demand for unskilled labour. While there is hardly any basic dissent about the short- to...
Becoming Urban: State and Migration in Contemporary China
With China’s sky-rocketing economic growth since the late 1980’s, the mobility of its labor force has increased tremendously. In the early 21st century the number of internal migrants is approaching 300 million, corresponding to more than 20% of the country’s population. This development has become a cause for political concern, highlighting significant issues in the social relations between settled communities and new migrants. This book examines in depth how institutional arrangements, in particular, the Hukou (Household Registration) system, influence the integration of migrants at their destinations. Under this unique Chinese settlement system, migrants are defined by their Hukou l...
Asian Students in Germany
For decades Germany has been one of the major host countries for international students; at the wake of the 21st century the vast majority comes from Asian countries. With increasing international competition the students, their countries of origin as well as Germany are confronted with specific challenges associated with sometimes conflicting plans, expectations, and apprehensions, amplified by uncertainties. While the students try to adapt to the conditions in Germany to make the best of their stay, their countries of origin ask whether the resources spent on the studies abroad of their nationals are well-invested, and how they might re-attract those who are graduates. As a partaker in the...
Human capital, occupational status, and social integration of Pakistani immigrants in Germany: Gender Perspectives
In the early 21st century human capital is an essential ingredient for economic development at the national as well as individual level. Yet, considerable international and gender specific differences are prevailing which are relevant in the context of international labor mobility and in the global race for talents. The present research focuses on human capital formation and transfer of Pakistani migrants in Germany, its impact on their professional standing, and their social integration. The results are providing important input for shaping policy measures in Germany and Pakistan.
Determinants of Illegal Migration
Deportation remains a critical issue within labour migration from East Java to Malaysia. The research presented in this book focuses on the most predominant factors determining why workers from East Java migrate illegally to Malaysia. It finds out that the difference between wages before migration and expected wages in Malaysia, the low educational level (below junior secondary school), being married, and being between 15 and 30 years old increases the probability the workers from East Java migrate illegally to Malaysia. Based on the findings, the recommendations which are proposed to local government are to communicate actively with the migrant candidates to explain legal migration, to implement strict control against the presence of illegal agents, and encourage opening more branches of PPTKIS (Private Agency for Placement of Indonesian Migrant Workers Abroad) in the remote areas in East Java.
