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This book on proof theory centers around the legacy of Kurt Schütte and its current impact on the subject. Schütte was the last doctoral student of David Hilbert who was the first to see that proofs can be viewed as structured mathematical objects amenable to investigation by mathematical methods (metamathematics). Schütte inaugurated the important paradigm shift from finite proofs to infinite proofs and developed the mathematical tools for their analysis. Infinitary proof theory flourished in his hands in the 1960s, culminating in the famous bound Γ0 for the limit of predicative mathematics (a fame shared with Feferman). Later his interests shifted to developing infinite proof calculi f...
While methods of artificial intelligence (AI) were until a few years ago exclusively a topic of scientific discussions, today they are increasingly finding their way into products of everyday life. At the same time, the amount of data produced and available is growing due to increasing digitalization, the integration of digital measurement and control systems, and automatic exchange between devices (Internet of Things). In the future, the use of business intelligence (BI) and a look into the past will no longer be sufficient for most companies.Instead, business analytics, i.e., predictive and predictive analyses and automated decisions, will be needed to stay competitive in the future. The u...
The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology, Volume IX focuses on alkaloid chemistry. This book discusses the occurence of known aporphines in plants, reductions with sodium in liquid ammonia, alkaloids related to corydaline, and quaternary alkaloids containing an N-methyl group. The phthalideisoquinoline alkaloids, alkaloids containing one diphenyl ether linkage, trisisobutylisoquinoline alkaloids, and alkaloids of Platydesma campanulata are also elaborated. This publication likewise covers the stereochemistry of the ring nitrogen in the tropanes, pharmacologically active synthetic tropanium salts, and alkaloids of apocynaceae. Other topics include the isolation and purification of salamandra alkaloids, biological activity of tylophora alkaloids, and structure of himbosine. This volume is valuable to chemists and researchers interested in alkaloids and their structures.
This book discusses novel intelligent-system algorithms and methods in cybernetics, presenting new approaches in the field of cybernetics and automation control theory. It constitutes the proceedings of the Cybernetics and Automation Control Theory Methods in Intelligent Algorithms Section of the 8th Computer Science On-line Conference 2019 (CSOC 2019), held on-line in April 2019.
This book summarizes several years of research carried out by a collaboration of many groups on ultrafast photochemical reactions. It emphasizes the analysis and characterization of the nuclear dynamics within molecular systems in various environments induced by optical excitations and the study of the resulting molecular dynamics by further interaction with an optical field.
Molecules are found in a large variety of astronomical environments, ranging from comets in the solar system to galaxies at high redshift. This book brings together astronomers, physicists and chemists to discuss the use of molecules as probes of astrophysical parameters, explore their role in the evolution of astronomical objects, and study the basic chemical processes that occur in space.
Over the nearly 20 years of Kelvin probe force microscopy, an increasing interest in the technique and its applications has developed. This book gives a concise introduction into the method and describes various experimental techniques. Surface potential studies on semiconductor materials, nanostructures and devices are described, as well as application to molecular and organic materials. The current state of surface potential at the atomic scale is also considered. This book presents an excellent introduction for the newcomer to this field, as much as a valuable resource for the expert.