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Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies Remain Large: An Update Based on Country-Level Estimates
This paper updates estimates of fossil fuel subsidies, defined as fuel consumption times the gap between existing and efficient prices (i.e., prices warranted by supply costs, environmental costs, and revenue considerations), for 191 countries. Globally, subsidies remained large at $4.7 trillion (6.3 percent of global GDP) in 2015 and are projected at $5.2 trillion (6.5 percent of GDP) in 2017. The largest subsidizers in 2015 were China ($1.4 trillion), United States ($649 billion), Russia ($551 billion), European Union ($289 billion), and India ($209 billion). About three quarters of global subsidies are due to domestic factors—energy pricing reform thus remains largely in countries’ own national interest—while coal and petroleum together account for 85 percent of global subsidies. Efficient fossil fuel pricing in 2015 would have lowered global carbon emissions by 28 percent and fossil fuel air pollution deaths by 46 percent, and increased government revenue by 3.8 percent of GDP.
Herbarz polski
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Understanding Morphology
This new edition of Understanding Morphology has been fully revised in line with the latest research. It now includes 'big picture' questions to highlight central themes in morphology, as well as research exercises for each chapter. Understanding Morphology presents an introduction to the study of word structure that starts at the very beginning. Assuming no knowledge of the field of morphology on the part of the reader, the book presents a broad range of morphological phenomena from a wide variety of languages. Starting with the core areas of inflection and derivation, the book presents the interfaces between morphology and syntax and between morphology and phonology. The synchronic study o...
Herbarz Polski
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Zeszyty naukowe
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Pamiątkowe rupiecie. Biografia Wisławy Szymborskiej
Pierwsza pełna biografia Wisławy Szymborskiej Wisława Szymborska nie była zachwycona, kiedy dowiedziała się, że Anna Bikont i Joanna Szczęsna piszą o niej książkę. Unikała opowieści o swoim życiu prywatnym, uważając zwierzenia osobiste za coś niestosownego. Autorkom udało się jednak namówić ją na spotkanie, które przerodziło się w niezwykle osobistą podróż, odkrywającą nawet przed nią samą wiele zaskakujących faktów i historii rodzinnych. W cyklu rozmów Poetka w niepowtarzalny i zabawny sposób komentowała etapy swego życia i meandry twórczości. Jej opowieść uzupełniają tutaj wspomnienia przyjaciół oraz subtelne interpretacje wierszy i felietonó...
