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Recent Advances in Measuring and Controlling Synaptic Communication
Synapses represent a unique neuronal compartment specialized in communication. The morpho-functional investigation of the synapse has always been hindered by its tiny size and high density of molecular elements, but specific technological and methodological advances helped us to reduce these limitations. As the matter of fact, in recent years, we have witnessed the continuous development of new methods allowing measuring and controlling synaptic activation both in vitro and in vivo. These include new genetically encoded sensors of synaptic exo-endocytosis, but also engineered synaptic proteins able to inhibit the release of neurotransmitters. Furthermore, new promising tools allow changing t...
Thalamic Function - Beyond a Simple Relay
The thalamus is often described as a relay. Typified by sensory pathways, this concept leads to thalamic nuclei being viewed as areas that passively streams information from a single source to the cortex, without affecting the nature of that information. However, diverse intrathalamic connections, the varying synaptic and membrane properties of thalamic neurons and the large number of inputs from non-sensory sources make the idea that the thalamus is just a passive relay unlikely. Furthermore, a large number of thalamic nuclei are not primarily driven by sensory signals nor do they exclusively target the cortex, meaning the thalamus must do more than simply pass sensory signals to the cortex. Finally, there is a wealth of research demonstrating that the thalamus does indeed function in ways that are not captured by the concept of a simple relay. So why, given all of this, is the primary paradigm for describing the thalamus, a relay? This Research Topic covers original research, reviews and hypotheses on thalamic function that explore the concept that the thalamus performs computational tasks other than simply passively relaying information.
SOCCER WORLD 2011/12
SOCCER WORLD 2011/12 contiene i profili di circa 400 formazioni con anagrafica di oltre 16.000 calciatori distribuiti in 30 campionati tra europei, nord-sudamericani ed asiatici aggiornati alla stagione 2011/12. I dati societari di tutti i club presenti, gli organici delle squadre minuziosamente aggiornati, le disposizioni in campo dei giocatori e tutti i principali movimenti di calciomercato, sono il punto di forza della pubblicazione. La completa analisi statistica della stagione internazionale 2010/11 grazie ai tabellini con i marcatori di tutte le partite giocate unita alle classifiche di Prima e Seconda Divisione di ogni campionato, promozioni e retrocessioni, le coppe nazionali, le presenze e le reti di tutti i giocatori e le statistiche delle ultime 10 stagioni per ogni campionato e le coppe internazionali rendono il tutto qualcosa di completo ed unico nel suo genere. Il tutto contribuisce a rendere questo volume forse il più originale per quanto concerne le squadre di calcio.
La Manna Dell'Anima
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