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Do Patents Matter?
Since the late 1980s the global intellectual property rights (IPR) system has been strengthening dramatically as much of the developing world introduces patent protection for new drug products. This may lead to more research on drugs to address developing country needs. As there are identifiable differences in the drug demands of these countries as compared to those already offering such protection the situation offers a unique opportunity to examine the incentive role of patent protection. We use new survey data from India, the results of interviews with industry, government and multinational institutions, and measures of R & D activity constructed from a variety of statistical sources to d...
Micro-level Estimation of Welfare
The authors construct and derive the properties of estimators of welfare that take advantage of the detailed information about living standards available in small household surveys and the comprehensive coverage of a census or large sample. By combining the strengths of each, the estimators can be used at a remarkably disaggregated level. They have a clear interpretation, are mutually comparable, and can be assessed for reliability using standard statistical theory. Using data from Ecuador, the authors obtain estimates of welfare measures, some of which are quite reliable for populations as small as 15,000 households--a "town." They provide simple illustrations of their use. Such estimates open up the possibility of testing, at a more convincing intra-country level, the many recent models relating welfare distributions to growth and a variety of socioeconomic and political outcomes. This paper--a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to develop tools for the analysis of poverty and income distribution.
Poverty Comparisons and Household Survey Design
World Bank Discussion Paper No. 356. The World Bank has become the world's largest lender in the health, nutrition, and population (HNP) sectors, requiring the institution to seek ever greater evidence that its work is effective on the ground. This paper reviews the literature on the causes of observed changes in health and fertility levels, on the evaluation of policies, and on programs designed to accelerate these changes. It presents a framework that delineates the relationships between Bank activities in the HNP sectors, the characteristics of a health care system, household behavior, and changes in health outcomes. The paper also describes a strategy for assessing the development effectiveness of the Bank's work in these sectors. The underlying thesis is that changes in health policy and improved outcomes depend on the the demand for health services and on institutional incentives that drive health care system performance.
Combining census and survey data to study spatial dimensions of poverty : a case study of Ecuador
June 1998 Combining sample survey data and census data can yield predicted poverty rates for all households covered by the census. This offers a means to construct detailed poverty maps. But standard errors on the estimated poverty rates are not negligible. Poverty maps, providing information on the spatial distribution of living standards, are an important tool for policymaking and economic research. Policymakers can use such maps to allocate transfers and inform policy design. The maps can also be used to investigate the relationship between growth and distribution inside a country, thereby complementing research using cross-country regressions. The development of detailed poverty maps is ...
The Introduction of Pharmaceutical Product Patents in India
The decision to require that countries grant product patents for pharmaceutical innovations as a condition of membership in the World Trade Organization was very contentious. Almost 50 developing countries were not granting patent monopolies for drugs during the period the Uruguay round of GATT was being debated and these countries fiercely resisted the inclusion of this requirement, claiming that vastly higher drug prices would be associated with such patents. On the other side, business interest in the West urged them to consider the benefits such protection might bring both in terms of focusing more research on tropical diseases and encouraging greater domestic and foreign investment in l...
Patents, Price Controls and Access to New Drugs
Efforts to strengthen the global patent system for pharmaceuticals continue to be controversial, and what will likely be a similarly fraught international debate over price controls has begun. The outcome of international negotiations and the resulting policy decisions made by each country will have many ramifications - influencing the size of future investment in medical research, the availability of the resulting therapies, how the financial burdens are distributed across countries, and finally the health of consumers. This paper considers how legal and regulatory policies affect whether new drugs are marketed in a country, and how quickly. Less than one-half of the new pharmaceutical mole...
Patent Suits
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