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Slum Upgrading and Participation
The UN currently estimates that there are about 837 million urban slum dwellers worldwide, and this figure is likely to rise to 1.5 billion by 2020 if current trends are not reversed. This book offers five geographically and institutionally diverse case studies from Latin America, where some of the longest-running and most successful programmes in this field have been conducted. These programmes, involving a wide variety of funding arrangements and agencies, demonstrate the positive impact that community participation and people-oriented service solutions can have on slum upgrading efforts in low income urban areas.
Development Poverty and Politics
By providing specific and practical examples, this book helps practitioners to apply the insights of how best to pursue a bottom-up approach to development in their own work, while also helping theoreticians and students to develop a strong analytical framework on the subject.
Why Infrastructure Financing Facilities Often Fall Short of Their Objectives
To encourage the private funding and provision of infrastructure services, governments have used specialized financing facilities to offer financial support to investors. A study of five cases shows that these facilities have often fallen short of their objectives, for two main sets of reasons. First, the environment was not conducive to private participation in infrastructure. And second, the facility was faulty in design.
Private Participation in Infrastructure in China
Since the late 1970s China has made extensive policy reforms and infrastructure investments. Although there have been significant investments made over the past decades, most of these investments came from the public sector. The goal of this report is to help improve China's approach to private participation in infrastructure focusing on roads, water and sanitation, and power generation by expanding foreign direct investment and domestic financing in such projects. It compares China's experience with those of other countries.
Economic Growth with Equity
Latin America and the Caribbean Region Viewpoints Many articles have been written about the causes of financial crises in emerging market... ... Much less attention has been devoted to the effectiveness of alternative policy responses and the ensuing process of recovery of the real economy... This paper analyzes the adjustment process in the aftermath of speculative attacks in six countries: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, Korea, and Thailand. As implied by the title, the main question to be addressed is whether the tales of adjustment in these Latin American and Asian economies were similar. This comparison is interesting for several reasons. The six countries came under the aegis of ...
East Asia Corporations
East Asian corporations differ from their counterparts in other countries in important ways. Before the recent financial crisis these differences were viewed as one of the reasons for the success of East Asian economies. The crisis altered that view, and many scholars now argue that the weak corporate governance and financing structures of East Asian corporations are partly to blame for the recent crisis. This paper reviews several features of East Asian corporations, showing that they have high leverage and concentrated ownership, are typically affiliated with business groups, and operate in multiple industries. These characteristics affected the performance of corporations prior to the crisis as well as their ability to deal with its aftermath. Each economy's level of development also affected how these characteristics interacted with firm performance and valuation. Finally, the concentration of ownership in the hands of a few large families may have influenced economies' institutional development.
Russian Enterprise Reform
To enhance and sustain economic prosperity, Russian authorities must improve the business climate so that firms restructure and the private sector thrives within a market environment. Meeting this challenge requires actions on several fronts. The Russian government asked the World Bank to write policy papers to address this issue. This volume contains those policy papers which were then presented at a high-level workshop in Moscow. The topics include: removing impediments to robust interfirm competition, such as structural concentration, arbitrary regulatory practices, and entry barriers; strengthening corporate governance incentive systems; enhancing the nascent institutional framework for the exercise of creditor rights and implementation of enterprise bankruptcy procedures; reducing barter and other nonmonetary forms of business transactions; and fostering enterprise restructuring. The volume also contains formal comments on these papers presented by senior Russian officials at the workshop.
Russian Trade Policy Reform for WTO Accession
Russia has manifested considerable interest in accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). This volume contains four policy papers that focus on the most prominent topics during the ongoing WTO accession process: 1. the dispersion of Russia's tariff structure; 2. trade and investment in the service sectors; 3. the treatment of state trading enterprises; and 4. the policy regime governing foreign direct investment. Bringing the Russian Federation into the rules-based WTO system is an objective broadly shared by the world community. Accession to the WTO comes at a critical juncture for the Russian government to focus on many important policy issues to stimulate growth. As part of the process of making liberalization commitments, as required by the existing members of the WTO, accession provides an opportunity to lock in reforms.
Ghana
"Ghana is an extremely diverse country-ethnically, culturally, ecologically, and economically. Women and men play different roles, undertake different activities, and face different constraints. Gender-based differences in their activities and practices result from... existing gender inequalities. Because these gender differences are often fundamental to men and women's livelihoods, understanding them is essential to designing policies and projects that will effectively reduce gender inequalities and promote sustainable development." A growing body of literature indicates that reducing gender inequalities and increasing women's access to productive resources greatly improves both welfare and...
School Enrollment Decline in Sub-Saharan Africa
The overarching objective of the World Bank's assistance to Sub-Saharan African countries is poverty reduction through sustained economic growth at a high level and improved social services. Past experience shows that a minimum level of educational attainment has been a prerequisite for the success of such a strategy. The current level of education development has been low, and the development of primary education has stagnated and even declined in some countries since the early 1980s. This paper examines the likely causes for deteriorating enrollment rates in Africa. It looks at the constraints in the demand for schooling and gives possible reasons for stagnation.
