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Oysters and Clams
Bivalve molluscs are scientifically and economically important invertebrates. Among them, oysters and clams dominate other species with respect to global distribution and aquaculture production. Recently, with research advancements in farming technology, environmental monitoring and disease control, as well as the diversification of cultured species, new findings and outcomes have emerged. This book presents a compilation of the latest research on oyster and clam culture, including aspects of ecological distribution and management, disease, physiological responses to environmental stressors or host-pathogen interactions, in most cases from a multidisciplinary approach.
Noroviruses
Noroviruses are responsible for approximately 90% of epidemics worldwide; in particular, non-bacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans around the world, causing approximately 200,000 deaths annually in developing countries. In addition, after the introduction of rotavirus vaccination programs, the norovirus is the most common cause of paediatric gastroenteritis, requiring medical care in the high- and middle-income countries. All of this information is indicative of norovirus prevalence worldwide, and of the necessity of efforts to develop effective tools for their control and prevention. The prevalence of noroviruses worldwide is alarming, and this information is indicative of the necessity for effective tools to aid in their control and prevention. This book presents a compilation of recent research on these aspects, providing essential and specific information to help further understand the prevalence and distribution of norovirus genotypes and strains, the potential emergence of new strains of this pathogen, as well as strategies for their prevention and treatment.
Microbial Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Biodiversity
The great diversity of microbial life is the remaining major reservoir of unknown biological diversity on earth. To understand this vast, but largely unperceived diversity with its untapped genetic, enzymatic and industrial potential, microbial systematics is undergoing a revolutionary change in its approach to describe novel taxa based on genomic/envirogenomic information. The characterization of an organism is no longer bounded by methodological barriers, and it is now possible to fully sequence the whole genome of a strain to study individual genes, or to examine the genetic information by using different techniques. In fact, application of genomics is helping not only to provide a better...
Vibrionaceae Diversity, Multidrug Resistant and Management
Vibrio are Gram-negative bacteria that naturally inhabit riverine, estuarine and marine aquatic environments. Some Vibrio are known to be capable of causing gastroenteritis, wound infections, cholera and fatal septicemia in severe cases. Over the past decades, research on Vibrio has increased and has caused a great development in our knowledge of these pathogens. Focus of this research includes the discovery of emerging epidemic clones, the traits of new strains, and the occurrence of multidrug resistant strains in the ecology. Moreover, improved understandings of the prevalence, pathogenesis and evolution of Vibrio have revealed the significant role of these pathogens in enhancing disease t...
Vibrio ecology, pathogenesis and evolution
Vibrios are Gram-negative bacilli that occur naturally in marine, estuarine, and freshwater systems. Some species include human and animal pathogens capable of causing gastroenteritis, wound infections, cholera, and fatal septicemia. Over the past decades, cutting edge research on Vibrio genomics has promoted a tremendous advance in our knowledge of these pathogens. Significant developments include the discovery of emerging epidemic clones, tracking the spread of new strain variants, and an intensified appreciation of the role of mobile genetic elements in antibiotic resistance spread as well as pathogenesis. Furthermore, improved understanding of the interaction of Vibrios with a variety of living organisms in the aquatic environment has documented the significant role of environmental reservoirs in their seasonal cycle favoring persistence of the pathogen during inter-epidemic periods and enhancing disease transmission. This Research Topic is dedicated to our current understanding in these areas and will bring together leading experts in the field to provide a deep overview of Vibrios ecology and evolution, and will suggest the pathway of future research in this field.
Fish Defenses Vol. 2
Dramatic changes in the environment, including habitat degradation and climate change, have focused attention on how individuals and populations respond to a shifting biotic and abiotic landscape. A critical step toward meeting this goal is a clear understanding of the capacity of individuals to defend themselves against threats. Changes in water q
Focus on DNA Fingerprinting Research
DNA Fingerprinting is a method of identification that compares fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It is sometimes called DNA typing. DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. The techniques used in DNA fingerprinting also have applications in law and law enforcement, palaeontology, archaeology, various fields of biology, and medical diagnostics. In biological classification, it can help to show evolutionary change and relationships on the molecular level, and it has the advantage of being able to be used even when only very small samples are available. This new book details several applications of this break-through technique.
Emerging Pollutants in Sewage Sludge and Soils
This book provides an authoritative overview of emerging pollutants in sewage sludge and soils. It traces the latest research and new trends on the characterization, removal and treatment of such pollutants in urban and industrial sewage sludge and soils. The book covers topics such as antibiotic resistance, fate and environmental impact of contaminants of emerging concern, environmental transmission of human pathogenic viruses and their effect on soil, and the repercussion of various emerging pollutants on biodiversity. It also offers a case study of the epidemiology-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and sludge. The book appeals not only to researchers and professionals working with emerging contaminants, but also to policy makers and a broader audience interested in learning more about the effects of these contaminants in human and environmental health.
Microbes: The Foundation Stone of the Biosphere
This collection of essays discusses fascinating aspects of the concept that microbes are at the root of all ecosystems. The content is divided into seven parts, the first of those emphasizes that microbes not only were the starting point, but sustain the rest of the biosphere and shows how life evolves through a perpetual struggle for habitats and niches. Part II explains the ways in which microbial life persists in some of the most extreme environments, while Part III presents our understanding of the core aspects of microbial metabolism. Part IV examines the duality of the microbial world, acknowledging that life exists as a balance between certain processes that we perceive as being envir...
