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Tumor microenvironment (TME) refers to the area with non-malignant cells, signaling molecules and blood vessels that surrounds and feeds tumor cells. A tumor can change its microenvironment, and TME is also known to profoundly impact the occurrence, growth, metastasis and therapeutic response and resistance of tumors. The special paracrine characteristics, microvascular system, extracellular matrix components and stromal cells in TME promote local tumor immune suppression and could alter the penetration and distribution of drugs into tumor tissues. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that currently available tumor therapies (i.e., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, anti-vascular therapy, small molecule targeted therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors) also in turn greatly affect the structure, function, and physical and chemical properties of TME, leading to TME remodeling. However, whether and how interaction of tumor cells and TME modeling can be dissected and targeted to further understand the underlying molecular mechanisms and establish effective new tumor therapies remains elusive.
Translational medicine was first mentioned in 1992 by Choi D. W and has since become a rapidly expanding area within biomedical research. It is based on the ‘bench to bedside’ approach, which describes it’s relationship between basic science and clinical practice. In 2008, Drs Conway and Dougherty provided a 3 step process to translational medicine and how it should be implemented to transform healthcare systems. The first step is the translation of basic science into clinical research (T1). The second step (T2) focuses on making healthcare more patient specific, basing itself on providing ‘the right treatment for the right patient in the right way at the right time’. T2 also looks...
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With its tradition of more than three decades, the IFAC/IFIP Workshop on Real Time Programming (WRTP) has become an excellent forum for exchanging information on recent technological advances and practices in real time computing, a field that is becoming an essential enabling discipline of both control engineering, and computer science and engineering. As there is an accelerated growth of demands for the functionality and dependability of real time systems, our intellectual and engineering abilities are being challenged to come up with practical solutions to the problems faced in the design and development of complex real time systems. The Workshop on Real Time Programming provides an opport...
The village doctor arrived at a meeting from a long way away and accidentally entered the room where the female Red Beauty host was. The director was about to enter, so what should he do?