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On April 6, 1948, a significant portion of the population of the village of Ecsny in Somogy County, Hungary, was expelled from their homeland. This was the result of Protocol XIII of the Potsdam Declaration of 1945 calling for the orderly and humane transfer of German populations now living in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. The families involved were descendants of German settlers who began to arrive in what would become the village of Ecsny as early as 1754. They formed an Evangelical Lutheran congregation at the outset that would survive as an underground movement until the Edict of Toleration promulgated by the Emperor Joseph II of Austria in 1782. These two governmental actions tak...
First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
A prominent Swiss banker in Palm Beach finds his wife murdered and suspects a secret military operation. His determination to find out who is behind the killing throws the Swiss diplomatic and military establishment into panic. He has the knowledge to expose the biggest secret of all how the gold and artifacts stolen from Jews and deposited in secret bank accounts during WWII became the foundation for a worldwide investment scheme that became the pillar of the Swiss economic miracle. Max Hooker becomes involved in the case when the murder takes place at his door step. He stumbles on to a covert military operation and a mysterious "13th Apostle". Max has to gain the confidence of a surviving Nazi organization as his search takes him to Germany, Paraguay and finally to Switzerland. His possession of secret bank records and the coinciding US Government negotiation with the Swiss banks on behalf of the surviving Holocaust victims allows him to recover some of the stolen loot. Max finds out who the real "13th Apostle" is and closes the circle of a dark human tragedy that originated in the last days of WWII and came to a close when the secret is revealed.
The Nazis' attempt to annihilate the Jewish people, the Holocaust, continues to raise a disturbing question. About six million defenseless men, women, and children were murdered for no reason but their ancestry. How could such terrible deeds happen in the heart of Christian Europe and among a nation known for its poets and thinkers, a people that had produced Schiller, Goethe, Bach, and Beethoven? That is the question Guenter Lewy seeks to answer in this book, by drawing on previously untapped material, including officers' diaries, letters written by soldiers, and the record of the trials of hundreds of Nazi perpetrators in German courts.
Inhaltsverzeichnis: The history of the concept of religious awakening in German Protestantism -- Religious enlightenment and awakening: historical consciousness and Protestant identity -- The awakening and preaching -- The awakening and theology -- The awakening and new religious societies for Evangelism -- The awakening and new religious societies for social reform.
Throughout the nineteenth and into the early decades of the twentieth century, it was common for rural and working-class parents in the Czech-German borderlands to ensure that their children were bilingual by sending them to live with families who spoke the "other" language. As nationalism became a more potent force in Central Europe, however, such practices troubled pro-German and pro-Czech activists, who feared that the children born to their nation could literally be "lost" or "kidnapped" from the national community through such experiences and, more generally, by parents who were either flexible about national belonging or altogether indifferent to it. Highlighting this indifference to n...