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Worldwide, almost all conifer trees rely on mutually beneficial relationships between their feeder roots and certain types of soil fungi. These formations are known as ectomycorrhizae (EM) and play an important role in nutrient-cycling and protecting host trees from drought and disease. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco), a dominant tree species in coastal British Columbia, is one example of a conifer known to form such symbioses. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of refugia on the rate of recovery of ectomycorrhizae (EM) diversity in clearcut and replanted Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests in British Columbia, Canada.--Document.
Hemispherical canopy photography is an indirect method for measuring various components of forest canopy structure and solar radiation flux within and below forest canopies. The method utilizes a 180-degree fisheye-lens camera to capture and record the position, size, and shape of openings or gaps in a forest canopy. During late summer 1995, eight sites on southern Vancouver Island were intensively sampled using hemispherical photographic methods. This document describes the general theory, approach, and analytical tools associated with hemispherical canopy photography and computerized image analysis in the context of this research. As a result, a technical protocol has been devised that can be adopted, modified, and improved upon by those interested in using hemispherical techniques for similar research initiatives. Recommendations are made to improve the quality and reliability of future hemispherical image analysis systems. Appendices include information on measurement of fisheye lens distortion and the effect on the calculation of gap fraction magnitude and distribution, and a model for estimating percent open sky and leaf area index.
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