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these records were discovered, arranged and classified in 1895, 1896, 1897 and 1898
Engineering materials with desirable physical and technological properties requires understanding and predictive capability of materials behavior under varying external conditions, such as temperature and pressure. This immediately brings one face to face with the fundamental difficulty of establishing a connection between materials behavior at a microscopic level, where understanding is to be sought, and macroscopic behavior which needs to be predicted. Bridging the corresponding gap in length scales that separates the ends of this spectrum has been a goal intensely pursued by theoretical physicists, experimentalists, and metallurgists alike. Traditionally, the search for methods to bridge ...
Ordinary foams such as the head of a glass of beer and more exotic ones such as solid metallic foams raise many questions for the physicist and have attracted a substantial research community in recent years. The present book describes the results of extensive experiments, computer simulations, and theories in an authoritative yet informal style, making ample use of illustrations and photographs. As an introduction to the whole field of the physics of foams it puts a strong emphasis on liquids while also including solid foams. Simple, idealized models are adopted and their consequences explored. Specific topics include: structure, drainage, rheology, conductivity, and coarsening. A minimum of mathematics is used. Theory and experiment are described together at every stage. A guide to further reading is provided through carefully selected references. This is a complete and coherent introduction to the subject which no other modern text currently offers.
The understanding of how small solid particles operate at liquid interfaces is minimal. This book brings together the topics actively being investigated, with contributions from experts in the field. It will be of interest to researchers in chemistry, physics, chemical engineering, pharmacy, food science and materials science.
This volume comprises the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study In stitute held at Geilo, Norway, April 6 -16 1999. The ASI was the fifteenth in a series held biannually on topics related to cooperative phenomena and phase transitions, in this case applied to soft condensed matter and its configurations, dynamics and functionality. It addressed the current experimental and theoretical knowledge of the physical properties of soft condensed matter such as polymers, gels, complex fluids, colloids, granular materials and biomaterials. The main purpose of the lectures was to obtain basic understanding of important aspects in relating molecular configurations and dynamics to macroscopic properties and biological functionality. To our knowledge, the term Soft Condensed Matter was actually coined and used for the first time in 1989 at Geilo and some selected topics of soft matter were also given at Geilo in 1991, 1993 and 1995. A return to this subject 10 years after its instigation thus allowed a fresh look and a possibility for defining new directions for research.
The papers in this volume cover a broad spectrum of topics that represent the truly diverse nature of the field of composite materials. In recent years, composite materials have grown in strength, stature, and significance to become a key material of enhanced scientific interest and resultant research into understanding their behavior for selection and safe use in a wide spectrum of technology-related applications. This collection presents research and findings relevant to the latest advances in composites materials, specifically their use in aerospace, maritime, and even land applications. The editors have made every effort to bring together authors who put forth recent advances in their research while concurrently both elaborating on and thereby enhancing our prevailing understanding of the salient aspects related to the science, engineering, and far-reaching technological applications of composite materials.
The book focuses on the production methods, properties and applications of functional and lightweight porous/cellular metallic materials. Topics covered include surface emissivity, stainless steel composite metal foam, solid-state welding, thermal conductivity of steel-steel composite metal foam, computational modeling, custom design, geometrical groperties of open-celled metal foams, aluminum foams with in situ composite particles, and metal structures in cooling systems. Keywords: Cellular Metals, Composite Metal Foam, Computational Modeling, Thermal Conductivity, Thermal Diffusivity, Energy Absorption, Metal Foam, Metal Matrix Composite, Open Cellular Structures, Power Electronics, Solid-State Welding, Surface Emissivity, Thermal Insulation, Torch Fire.
What Is Metal Foam A metal foam is a cellular structure consisting of a solid metal with gas-filled pores comprising a large portion of the volume. The pores can be sealed or interconnected. The defining characteristic of metal foams is a high porosity: typically only 5–25% of the volume is the base metal. The strength of the material is due to the square–cube law. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Metal foam Chapter 2: Ceramic foam Chapter 3: Nanofoam Chapter 4: Reticulated foam Chapter 5: Aluminium foam sandwich Chapter 6: Titanium foam Chapter 7: Materials science (II) Answering the public top questions about metal foam. (III) Real world examples for the usage of metal foam in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of metal foam' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of metal foam.
As particle accelerators strive forever increasing performance, high intensity particle beams become one of the critical demands requested across the board by a majority of accelerator users (proton, electron and ion) and for most applications. Much effort has been made by our community to pursue high intensity accelerator performance on a number of fronts. Recognizing its importance, we devote this volume to Accelerators for High Intensity Beams. High intensity accelerators have become a frontier and a network for innovation. They are responsible for many scientific discoveries and technological breakthroughs that have changed our way of life, often taken for granted. A wide range of topics is covered in the fourteen articles in this volume.
Metal foams are at the forefront of technological development for the automotive, aerospace, and other weight-dependent industries. They are formed by various methods, but the key facet of their manufacture is the inclusion of air or other gaseous pockets in the metal structure. The fact that gas pockets are present in their structure provides an obvious weight advantage over traditionally cast or machined solid metal components. The unique structure of metal foams also opens up more opportunities to improve on more complex methods of producing parts with space inclusions such as sand-casting. This guide provides information on the advantages metal foams possess, and the applications for which they may prove suitable. - Offers a concise description of metal foams, their manufacture, and their advantages in industry - Provides engineers with answers to pertinent questions surrounding metal foams - Satisfies a major need in the market for information on the properties, performance, and applications of these materials