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For colonial administrators and the Belgian banks, the Belgian Congo was an immensely rich source of raw materials; diamonds, gold, manganese, oils, nuts, tobacco, peanuts, etc. One of the major forms of exploitation of the Congo was the effort to set up mining companies and to force Africans to work in the mines to extract these resources. Focusing on the most powerful of these mining companies--the Union Minière du Haut-Katange, John Higginson provides a detailed history of the relationship between the company and the African workers from 1907 through 1951
This book examines violence against the rural African population and Africans in general before apartheid became the justification for the existence of the South African state.
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The 1370km Way of St Martin cycling route along the River Loire in France, is described in this guidebook in 23 comfortable stages. It includes a dramatic approach from Orange in Provence to the source of the River Loire at Le Gerbier de Jonc, then a route alongside the whole river with its vineyards and castles to the Atlantic at St Nazaire.