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In this work Susan Socolow examines bureaucrats in early modern society by concentrating on those of Buenos Aires under the Bourbon reforms in the late colonial bureaucracy, Socolow studies the individuals who held positions in the colonial civil service—their recruitment, aspirations, job tenure, professional advancement, and economic position. The late eighteenth century was a critical time for the southernmost regions of Latin America, for in this period they became a separate political entity, the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata. Socolow's work, part of a continuing study of the political, economic, and social elites of the emerging city of Buenos Aires, here considers the bureaucracy put into place by the Bourbon reforms. The author examines the professional and personal circumstances of all bureaucrats, from the high-ranking heads of agencies to the more lowly clerks, contrasting their expectations and their actual experiences. She pays particular attention to their recruitment, promotion, salary, and retirement, as well as their marriage and kinship relationships in the local society.
This book historically reconstructs the conservative and moderate liberals’ views on governance, morality, and education within the context of La Regeneración (1878-1903) in Colombian Panama. de la Guardia Wald explores the way political theories and ideologies, especially conservatism and positivism, shaped late nineteenth-century Panamanian pedagogues’ conceptualizations of proper education for the sake of social regeneration. By demonstrating that Isthmian political and pedagogical debates went beyond the preoccupation for the realisation of classic liberalism and exploitation of Panama’s geographical views, this book challenges the perspective that Panamanian identity was a fabrication of the United States. Instead, this study reveals that the combination of positivist and conservative understandings of morality, reason, and good science defined governmental policies intended to recuperate and enhance civic values and nationalism, leading the way to progress and modernity.
This book deals with very different aspects of nutrition from different countries (qualities and quantities of food, their absorptions from the gastrointestinal tract, utilization in healthy human beings or in patients with different diseases, food and drug interactions, etc.). However, these different nutritional positions are different in the different countries. The 13 chapters were written by experts from countries in four continents (Asia, Africa, America, and Europe) and generally cover one nutritional problem each; however, if we analyze the results of all the chapters, we can see the most important nutritional problems from all over the world. This detailed analysis offers us an overview of this most urgent nutritional problem.We know that the world's population has increased exponentially in the last few decades (and is still increasing); however, foods and food products have increased more slowly. We have to solve these and other nutritional problems to ensure the health of generations to come.
Indigenous Agency in the Amazon explores the underexamined story of indigenous people who accepted Jesuit mission life and then, nearly two centuries later, withstood the challenges of the rubber boom and the imposition of European liberalism.
A pediatric perspective Our daily food intake not only provides the calories and the macro- and micronutrients necessary for survival - nutrients also have a tremendous potential to modulate the actions of the immune system, a fact which has a significant impact on public health and clinical practice. This book presents the latest findings on how nutrient status can modulate immunity and improve health conditions in pediatric patients. Divided into three parts, it covers major aspects of the interplay between nutrients and the regulation of immunity and inflammatory processes. Part one deals with the pharmaceutical value of specific amino acids (arginine and glutamine) and hormones for addressing immune disorders and infant development. The second part revolves around gut function and immunity, and the right balance of probiotics. The final part explores the role of lipid mediators and how their types and proportions can tip the balance in favor of health and disease.
In 1914 Twitchell published in two volumes, "The Spanish Archives of New Mexico," the first calendar and guide to the documents from the Spanish colonial period. The bulk of the records accentuate the amazingly dynamic nature of land grant and settlement policies.