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A groundbreaking study situating the Mississippi River valley at the heart of the early American republic’s political economy Shortly after the ratification of the US Constitution in 1789, twenty-two-year-old Andrew Jackson pledged his allegiance to the king of Spain. Prior to the Louisiana Purchase, imperial control of the North American continent remained an open question. Spain controlled the Mississippi River, closing it to American trade in 1784, and western men on the make like Jackson had to navigate the overlapping economic and political forces at work with ruthless pragmatism. In Empire of Commerce, Susan Gaunt Stearns takes readers back to a time when there was nothing inevitable...
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Brothers, Stephen, Charles and George Heard, who were born in Ireland in about 1689 to 1692, came to America in about 1720. They settled in Sadsbury, Pennsylvania. Descendants and relatives lived mainly in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Georgia and Texas.