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Why Did Public Banks Lend More During the Global Financial Crisis?
During the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), state-owned or public banks lent relatively more than domestic private banks in many countries. However, data limitations have hindered a thorough assessment of what led public banks to better maintain lending during the GFC. Using a novel bank-level dataset covering 25 emerging market economies, we show that public banks lent relatively more during the GFC because they pursued an objective of helping to stabilize the economy, rather than because they had superior fundamentals or access to public or depositors’ funding. Nonetheless, their countercyclical behavior seems unique to the GFC rather than a regular characteristic of public banks before and after the GFC.
The Use and Effectiveness of Macroprudential Policies
Using a recent IMF survey and expanding on previous studies, we document the use of macroprudential policies for 119 countries over the 2000-13 period, covering many instruments. Emerging economies use macroprudential policies most frequently, especially foreign exchange related ones, while advanced countries use borrower-based policies more. Usage is generally associated with lower growth in credit, notably in household credit. Effects are less in financially more developed and open economies, however, and usage comes with greater cross-border borrowing, suggesting some avoidance. And while macroprudential policies can help manage financial cycles, they work less well in busts.
An Overview of Macroprudential Policy Tools
Macroprudential policies – caps on loan to value ratios, limits on credit growth and other balance sheets restrictions, (countercyclical) capital and reserve requirements and surcharges, and Pigouvian levies – have become part of the policy paradigm in emerging markets and advanced countries alike. But knowledge is still limited on these tools. Macroprudential policies ought to be motivated by market failures and externalities, but these can be hard to identify. They can also interact with various other policies, such as monetary and microprudential, raising coordination issues. Some countries, especially emerging markets, have used these tools and analyses suggest that some can reduce procyclicality and crisis risks. Yet, much remains to be studied, including tools’ costs ? by adversely affecting resource allocations; how to best adapt tools to country circumstances; and preferred institutional designs, including how to address political economy risks. As such, policy makers should move carefully in adopting tools.
Bank Size and Systemic Risk
The proposed SDN documents the evolution of bank size and activities over the past 20 years. It discusses whether this evolution can be explained by economies of scale or “too big to fail” subsidies. The paper then presents evidence on the extent to which bank size and market-based activities contribute to systemic risk. The paper concludes with policy messages in the area of capital regulation and activity restrictions to reduce the systemic risk posed by large banks. The analysis of the paper complements earlier Fund work, including SDN 13/04 and the recent GFSR chapter on “too big to fail” subsidies, and its policy message is in line with this earlier work.
Regulating, Supervising, and Handling Distress in Public Banks
This paper highlights the distinct challenges and suggests practical solutions to the effective regulation, supervision, and crisis management for public banks. It acknowledges that public banks exist for variety of reasons (legacy, ideology, public policy) and will likely remain a feature of financial systems in a number of countries. On this basis, it provides advice on how to best incorporate public banks in the regulatory paradigm commensurate with their risk profiles.
World Economic Outlook, April 2015
Global growth remains moderate and uneven, and a number of complex forces are shaping the outlook. These include medium- and long-term trends, global shocks, and many country- or region-specific factors. The April 2015 WEO examines the causes and implications of recent trends, including lower oil prices, which are providing a boost to growth globally and in many oil-importing countries but are weighing on activity in oil-exporting countries, and substantial changes in exchange rates for major currencies, reflecting variations in country growth rates and in exchange rate policies and the lower price of oil. Additionally, analytical chapters explore the growth rate of potential output across advanced and emerging market economies, assessing its recent track and likely future course; and the performance of private fixed investment in advanced economies, which has featured prominently in the public policy debate in recent years, focusing on the role of overall economic weakness in accounting for this performance.
Perspectives de l’économie mondiale, avril 2015
La croissance mondiale reste modérée et inégale, et plusieurs forces complexes déterminent les perspectives, dont les tendances à moyen et long terme, des chocs mondiaux et de nombreux facteurs propres à des pays ou des régions. L'édition d'avril 2015 des Perspectives de l’économie mondiale se penche sur les causes et les implications des tendances récentes, dont la baisse des cours pétroliers, qui donne un coup de fouet à la croissance à l'échelle mondiale et dans de nombreux pays importateurs de pétrole, mais pèse sur l'activité des pays exportateurs de pétrole, ainsi que la variation considérable des taux de change des principales monnaies, qui reflète l'évolution d...
Perspectivas de la economía mundial, abril de 2015
El crecimiento mundial sigue siendo moderado y desigual, y varias fuerzas complejas están determinando las perspectivas: tendencias a mediano y largo plazo, shocks mundiales y muchos factores específicos de países y regiones. En el informe WEO de abril de 2015 se examinan las causas e implicaciones de tendencias recientes, como los precios más bajos del petróleo, que están estimulando el crecimiento a escala mundial y en muchos países importadores de petróleo pero que están lastrando la actividad en los países exportadores de petróleo, y fluctuaciones importantes de los tipos de cambio de las principales divisas, debidas a variaciones en las tasas de crecimiento y las políticas c...
Europäisches Bankenaufsichtsrecht
Als Reaktion auf die Finanzkrise wurde die europaische Finanzmarktarchitektur auf ein neues Fundament gestellt. Ein Kernanliegen des europaischen Gesetzgebers war es, den rechtlichen Rahmen fur Banken in einem einheitlichen Regelwerk (Single Rulebook) zu harmonisieren. Malte Wundenberg stellt die Grundlagen des europaischen Bankenaufsichtsrechts systematisch dar und erfasst dieses als eigenstandiges Rechtsgebiet. Studenten, Praktikern und Wissenschaftlern soll der Zugang zu der immer komplexer werdenden Rechtsmaterie der Bankenregulierung erleichtert werden. Das Werk will damit zugleich einen Beitrag zur Diskussion uber die Weiterentwicklung des Single Rulebooks im Finanzsektor leisten. Im e...
The Value of Intermediaries for GSE Loans
We analyze the costs and benefits of intermediaries for government-sponsored enterprise (GSE) mortgages using regulatory data. We find evidence of lenders pricing for observable and unobservable default risk independently from the GSEs. These findings are explained using a model of competitive lending in which lenders have skin-in-the-game and acquire information beyond the GSEs' underwriting criteria, but also charge markups. We find that most borrowers are better off in a counterfactual in which the GSEs' underwriting criteria are implemented passively. Finally, the observed differences between banks and nonbanks are more consistent with differences in their skin-in-the-game rather than screening quality.
