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In the first section of this book on soil erosion, an introduction to the soil erosion problem is presented. In the first part of the second section, rainfall erosivity is estimated on the basis of pluviograph records and cumulative rainfall depths by means of empirical equations and machine learning methods. In the second part of the second section, a physically-based, hydrodynamic, finite element model is described for the computation of surface runoff and channel flows. In the first part of the third section, the soil erosion risk is assessed in two different basins. In the second part of the third section, the soil erosion risk management in a basin is evaluated, and the delimitation of the areas requiring priority planning is achieved.
Knowledge has no limits and everyone has the opportunity to gain it and expand the view and horizon of understanding. Nothing in this world remains permanent, everything changes. Hence the field of morphology of the Earth (geomorphology) provides a basis for exploring, understanding and comprehending the forms and processes that occur in our surrounding. This book presents some of the ideas and understanding about geomorphology: 1) Learn about the effect of deforestation and then reforestation on river channel morphology. 2) Understand the composite mathematical modelling for continuous simulations of hydro-geomorphological processes. 3) Know about the process-response models for estimation of cliff erosion and its quantitative predictions. 4) Grow your knowledge about various geomorphometric tools that are available in freely available GIS software.
Climate change not only involves rising temperatures but it can also alter the hydro-meteorological parameters of a region and the corresponding changes emerging in the various biotic or abiotic environmental features. One of the results of climate change has been the impact on the sediment yield and its transport. These changes have implications for various other environmental components, particularly soils, water bodies, water quality, land productivity, sedimentation processes, glacier dynamics, and risk management strategies to name a few. This volume provides an examination of the technological approaches to water management, and the practical applications for remote sensing, satellite image processing, and advanced statistical methods, all which can be utilized to predict, monitor, and manage the effects of climate change on river basins.
This authoritative Encyclopedia provides an innovative approach to theory, reviews, applications and examples relevant to the basic concepts of water science and water management issues in order to facilitate better interdisciplinary cooperation.
Probably, the most well-documented, and at the same time, simple conceptual method for predicting runoff depth from rainfall depth is the Soil Conservation Service curve number (SCS-CN) method. This Special Issue presents the latest developments in the SCS-CN methodology, including, but not limited to, novel applications, theoretical and conceptual studies broadening the current understanding, studies extending the method’s application in other geographical regions or other scientific fields, substantial evaluation studies, and ultimately, key advancements towards addressing the key remaining challenges, such as: improving the SCS-CN method runoff predictions without sacrificing its curren...
After fifteen years of reconstruction in a relatively peaceful environment spanning the years 1990 to 2004, Lebanon has experienced successive violent political events resulting from complex entangled internal and external struggles. The Syrian crisis and its political, economic and demographic consequences on Lebanon have increased these tensions. This atlas sheds light on these new challenges and adds new data that complete the analyses already published in the Atlas du Liban. Territoires et société (Atlas of Lebanon. Territories and Society) released in 2007 by the same research team. Some of its components are included in this edition. Beyond the international regional crisis and the p...
A bedload trap is a portable sampler designed specifically for collecting gravel and cobble bedload (4 to 180 mm in diameter) in wadeable streams. Bedload traps consist of an aluminum frame with a 12 by 8 inch (0.3 by 0.2 m) opening to which a 3- to 5.5-ft (0.9 to 1.65 m) long trailing net is attached. Bedload traps are installed on ground plates that are anchored to the stream bottom with metal stakes. Traps do not have to be hand-held while sampling and have a large volumetric capacity. This permits collection of bedload over relatively long intervals, typically one hour per sample. In this document, we provide detailed guidelines for bedload trap construction and operation. We describe component parts and offer instructions for making the nets and assembling the sampler. Appropriate site selection and preparation are discussed as well as bedload trap installation, use, and maintenance. These guidelines also show how to process the collected bedload samples in the field and how to perform some of the typical calculations used in bedload evaluation.
The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) enables planners to predict the average rate of soil erosion for each feasible alternative combination of crop system and management practices in association with a specified soil type, rainfall pattern, and topography. When these predicted losses are compared with given soil loss tolerances, they provide specific guidelines for effecting erosion control within specified limits. The equation groups the numerous interrelated physical and management parameters that influence erosion rate under six major factors whose site-specific values can be expressed numerically. A half century of erosion research in many States has supplied information from which at least approximate values of the USLE factors can be obtained for specified farm fields or other small erosion prone areas throughout the United States. Tables and charts presented in this handbook make this information readily available for field use. Significant limitations in the available data are identified.