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The present monograph has grown out of a good many years of study of the history of the European trade to the East Indies. The starting-point actually was Danish. Having treated the history of the Danish Asiatic Company during the period 1732-1772 I went abroad in order to familiarize myself with the background to the reorganization of Danish trade about 1732. It was especially the possible connexion with the dissolved Ostend Company and the counter-measures, diplomatic as well as economic, of the Dutch, English, and French companies that interested me. Through these investigations I got acquainted with the various Northwest European company records and soon realized that the Dutch archives ...
This volume examines the rise of the many different trading empires from the end of the Middle Ages to the eighteenth century.
Examines the productive activities by virtue of which the nation's beer requirements were met. Brewing made use of one of the nation's economically most prominent crops. The first chapters contain an account of old-time brewing involving a discussion of the character of the beer, then follows the emergence and establishment of commercial brewing under the aegis of a guild, relations with the municipal authorities and the central government, furthermore foreign and domestic competition, taxation, price control, government orders and trade conditions. The Copenhagen rota brewing system, a sales cartel, is considered separately. This leads on to depict some of the main themes of development during the eventful 19th century, when large scale brewing was introduced based on top-fermented beers, improved refrigeration, quality control due to new insight in the laws of nature, as well as improved quality of barley and other raw materials.
Because it has always represented a rich collaboration of the music, art, architecture, handicraft and science of its day, the organ, more than any other instrument, continues to reflect the spirit of the age in which it was built. The Organ as a Mirror of its Time, the first book to consider this instrument's historical and cultural significance, reflects the efforts of twenty leading scholars of the organ. The book chronicles the history of six organs in Scandinavia and Northern Germany, at least one specimen for every century from 1600 to the present. By considering their original contexts and their histories since they were built, as well as the extraordinary coincidences that link them together, the book offers a unique perspective on the cultural history of northern Europe. A CD with appropriate repertoire played on each of the six instruments accompanies the book.
By accident, the world-famous brewery Carlsberg became a central force in global marine science during the first three decades of the 20th century. Within a core group of scientists and managers, Johannes Schmidt (1877-1933) was the key figure combining the efforts of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), the Danish state and several private companies. Launching 26 oceangoing expeditions Schmidt made landmark discoveries such as the breeding ground for the Atlantic eel in the Sargasso Sea. The scientific frontier was pushed literally kilometres into the deep sea and across the World’s oceans. While the formal North Atlantic Empire of the small state of Denmark was in decline, an informal empire of science was erected instead. Shortlisted for the Society for Nautical Research Anderson Medal for published works on Maritime History in 2016.
The eighteenth century in South Asian history is a period of great dynamism and a critical phase in the historical trajectory of the subcontinent. This book focuses on the merchants and manufacturers of Gujarat, who amidst complex political developments succeeded in preserving their autonomy and freedom in the market place. By spotting economic growth in the late eighteenth century, this study rejects the constructed dualism between a seventeenth century of great progress and an eighteenth century of chaos and decline.
Creating Nordic Capitalism illuminates how the economies of five small North European countries; Denmark, Finland, Norway, Iceland and Sweden, became so competitive during the twentieth century.Through rigorous analysis the authors propose and describe the defining features of Nordic capitalism.
This book links the trade of the Danish and Swedish East India companies to the British taste for tea, a Scandinavian craving for colourful Chinese silk textiles, import substitutions schemes and natural history in the eighteenth century. It is a global history exploring the exchange of silver for goods in Canton. It is also a European history studying the wholesale market for Asian goods in Gothenburg and Copenhagen, the formation of taste and the impact of fashion in the blending of tea and the assortments of colours on wrought silk destined for markets across Europe. Linking material history to political economy and the histories of science, this book ends on the threshold of the nineteenth century, the rise of the second British Empire in Asia, and the creation of synthetic dyes in Europe.
The study of past society in terms of what it consumes rather than what it produces is - relatively speaking - a new development. The focus on consumption changes the whole emphasis and structure of historical enquiry. While human beings usually work within a single trade or industry as producers, as, say, farmers or industrial workers, as consumers they are active in many different markets or networks. And while history written from a production viewpoint has, by chance or design, largely been centred on the work of men, consumption history helps to restore women o the mainstream. The history of consumption demands a wide range of skills. It calls upon the methods and techniques of many oth...