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While both Spain and Poland developed genteel cultures grounded in Catholic religion, and experienced periods of growth followed by long decline, it is also the case that large differences in political economy and military structures also existed. Thus while Spain merely declined in power, Poland was partitioned by three powerful and rapacious neighbors. The Catholic and conservative elements that have been strong in both Poland and Spain have often been portrayed as obscure nativist and racist and even fascist. The purpose of this volume is to move beyond the simplistic vision this created about both countries into a more balanced and careful appraisal of tradition and development. Puncturi...
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The important scholarly achievements of Polish historians remain largely unknown outside Poland. In Nation and History, editors Peter Brock, John Stanley, and Piotr J. Wróbel have brought together twenty-four essays on Polish historians from the Enlightenment to the Second World War, an era of unparalleled changes in every aspect of Polish life. From the late eighteenth century until 1918, the Polish state was partitioned between its three neighbours: Russia, Prussia (Germany), and Austria. Polish historiography throughout this period tended to focus on the reasons behind the old Polish state's decline and fall. This shaped Polish historians' vision of their country's past and created the burden of not only having to discuss the state, but the issue of 'nation' - its essence, its shape, and its failure. The contributors to this volume - from Poland and abroad - closely examine the role played by historians in both the documenting and shaping of Poland's history. While featuring different approaches, Nation and History serves as the most comprehensive work on Polish historiography written in English.
Dzieje ludności polskiej na Litwie Kowieńskiej nie są bliżej znane szerszemu kręgowi czytelników. Ukazanie działań podejmowanych przez władze litewskie wobec mniejszości polskiej na Kowieńszczyźnie pozwoli przeciwstawić się lituanizacji mniejszości polskiej na Wileńszczyźnie. Poza tym wydobycie z zapomnienia i ocalenie od niepamięci śladów polskości na Kowieńszczyźnie jest moralnym obowiązkiem, którego celem jest przywrócenie prawdy historycznej o mieszkających tam Polakach – dawniej i obecnie.
W aneksach wykazy : prywatnych szkół powszechnych (rok szkolny 1939/40), publicznych szkół powszechnych (na dzień 1.09.1939), państwowych, miejskich i prywatnych średnich szkół ogólnokształcących (żeńskie, męskie, dla młodzieży żydowskiej, tajne komplety szkół koedukacyjnych i tzw. luźnych - niepowiązanych ze szkołami przedwojennymi). Fot., m.in pomniki : TON (szkoła podstawowa nr 330), W Hołdzie Nauczycielom, Organizatorom i Uczestnikom Tajnego Nauczania 1939-1945 (Park Kazimierzowski).
How the demise of the Habsburg Empire, postwar sovereignty, and new diplomatic frontiers shaped the nature of citizenship, identity, and belonging across Europe This book is a collective portrait of twenty-one key statesmen who came of age during the Habsburg Empire. They include the cofounder of Austro-Marxism and the Austrian republic’s first foreign minister, the cofounder of the European Union after the Second World War, the founder of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and Mussolini’s ambassador to Vienna. Some survived the First World War and the resulting geographical divisions in their homelands, and some went on to serve in politics and governments throughout Europe. Taken t...
Civil War in Central Europe argues that Polish independence after the First World War was forged in the fires of the post-war conflicts which should be collectively referred to as the Central European Civil War (1918-1921). The ensuing violence forced those living in European border regions to decide on their national identity - German or Polish.